Comparative Analysis of the Performance of PMT and APD Detectors in Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

Guanting Hou; Baoteng Xu; Wei Zhou; Jialin Liu; Liquan Guo; Xibin Yang

doi:10.3788/AOS222137

Journals >Acta Optica Sinica >Volume 43 >Issue 11 >Page 1117001 > Article

Acta Optica Sinica
Vol. 43, Issue 11, 1117001 (2023)

Comparative Analysis of the Performance of PMT and APD Detectors in Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy

Guanting Hou¹, Baoteng Xu^1、2, Wei Zhou², Jialin Liu², Liquan Guo², and Xibin Yang^1、2、*

Author Affiliations

¹Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China

²Center of Light and Health, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China

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DOI: 10.3788/AOS222137 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Guanting Hou, Baoteng Xu, Wei Zhou, Jialin Liu, Liquan Guo, Xibin Yang. Comparative Analysis of the Performance of PMT and APD Detectors in Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(11): 1117001 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Schematic of dual optical path CLE system

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Fig. 2. Acquisition process of confocal images

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Fig. 3. Schematic of image signal-to-noise calculation

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Fig. 4. Detector performance comparison experiment device

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Fig. 5. R_{SN_PMT} of PMTSS varying with optical power

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Fig. 6. Comparison of detector performance. (a) R_{SN_APD} of APD120A2 varying with optical power; (b) R_SN of different detectors varying with optical power

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Fig. 7. Experimental results of uniform fluorescent solution imaging of APD120A2 and PMTSS

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Fig. 8. Imaging results of fluorescent samples and statistics results of the number of pixel points under different optical powers.(a)-(c) Fluorescent beads; (d)-(f) lens tissue; (g)-(i) upper epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves; (j)-(l) lower epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves

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Fig. 9. Summary of

R_{S N_P i c}

for imaging fluorescent samples. (a) Boxplot of image SNR; (b) relationship between image SNR and imaging average optical power

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Parameter	PMT	APD
Detector	PMTSS	APD120A2
Price（CNY）	28663.91	11944.83
Active area diameter	3.7 mm×13.0 mm	Φ1 mm
Bandwidth /MHz	250	50
Dark current /nA	2（Typical）；10（Max）	—
NEP /（pW·Hz^-1/2）	—	0.21（DC-50 MHz）
Amplifier	C9999（50 mV/μA）	DHPVA-101（20 dB）

Table 1. Configuration and parameters of detectors

Condition	PMT	APD
Detector	PMTSS	APD120A2
Optical power	Start at 5 nW，end at 50 nW，step size is 5 nW
Sample rate	125 MHz
Gain voltage	0.313 V，0.342 V，0.374 V	fixed

Table 2. Data collection conditions of detector performance comparison experiment

Parameter	Value	Parameter	Value
η	24%（PMTSS）	V_AmpPMT	2.6 mV（RMS）
e	1.6×10^-19C	V_AmpAPD	283 μV（RMS）
λ	525 nm	P_NE	0.21 pW/ $\sqrt[]{H z}$
h	6.62607015× 10^-34 J·s	G_iv	50000
c	3×10⁸ m/s	G_module	50000
B	10 MHz	G_v	10
$I_{d}$	10 nA	R_s	22.3 A/W
M_a	50	F	$M_{a}^{0.4}$

Table 3. Parameter values used for the SNR calculation

Condition	PMT	APD
Detector	PMTSS	APD120A2
Solution	75 mL fluorescein sodium solution with mass concentration of 0.0067%，0.0133%，0.02%，0.0267%，and 0.0333% g/mL
Gain voltage	0.342 V	fixed
Sample rate	125 MHz
Amount of data	Acquire 120 consecutive images for each condition

Table 4. Uniform fluorescent solution experimental conditions

No.	Sample	Preparation
S1	Lower epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves	Avoid the main veins and cut out a number of small square leaves，soak them in 1% sodium fluorescein solution for 96 h，rinse and dry the epidermis before the experiment
S2	Upper epidermis of Photinia serrulata leaves	Avoid the main veins and cut out a number of small square leaves，soak them in 1% sodium fluorescein solution for 72 h，rinse and dry the epidermis before the experiment
S3	Lens tissue	0.0333% sodium fluorescein solution sprayed and dried
S4	13 μm fluorescent beads	Pipette 5 μL of fluorescent beads（FL-PS-G-13，TJDAE technology）onto the glass slide and dry

Table 5. Fluorescence sample selection and preparation

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