[1] AdesA F, GlaeserE L. Evidence on growth, increasing returns, and the extent of the market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 1025-1045(1999).
[2] AlexeevM, ConradR. The natural resource curse and economic transition. Economic Systems, 35, 445-461(2011).
[3] Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2018. Mandaluyong:. Asian Development Bank(2018).
[4] . Connecting Central Asia with Economic Centers(2014).
[5] AtamirzaevO B, SalievA, RaimovT I. Regional particularities of settlement and urbanization in Soviet Central Asia. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 122, 227-233(1978).
[6] Ayd?nC, Esen?. Does too much energy consumption harm economic growth for Turkish Republics in the transition process? New evidence on threshold effects. International Journal of Energy Economics Policy, 7, 34-43(2017).
[7] BaiX, ShiP, LiuY. Realizing China’s urban dream. Nature, 509, 158-160(2014).
[8] BertinelliL, BlackD. Urbanization and growth. Journal of Urban Economics, 56, 80-96(2004).
[9] BlankS. Whither the new great game in Central Asia?. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 3, 147-160(2019).
[10] BraunM R, AltanH, BeckS B M. Using regression analysis to predict the future energy consumption of a supermarket in the UK. Applied Energy, 130, 305-313(2014).
[11] BuckleyC. Rural/urban differentials in demographic processes: The Central Asian states. Population Research and Policy Review, 17, 71-89(1998).
[12] ChenJ, ZhouQ. City size and urban labor productivity in China: New evidence from spatial city-level panel data analysis. Economic Systems, 41, 165-178(2017).
[13] ChenM X, YeC, LuD D et al. Cognition and construction of the theoretical connotations of new urbanization with Chinese characteristics. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29, 1681-1698(2019).
[14] ChesterM V, SperlingJ, StokesE et al. Positioning infrastructure and technologies for low‐carbon urbanization. Earth’s Future, 2, 533-547(2014).
[15] CohenA. US interests and Central Asia Energy Security. Backgrounder, 1-11(1984).
[16] CohenB. Urbanization in developing countries: current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technology in Society, 28, 63-80(2006).
[17] ColeM A, NeumayerE. Examining the impact of demographic factors on air pollution. Population and Environment, 26, 5-21(2004).
[18] CooleyA. Great Games, Local Rules: The New Power Contest in Central Asia(2012).
[19] DahlC, KuralbayevaK. Energy and the environment in Kazakhstan. Energy Policy, 29, 429-440(2001).
[20] DavisK. The urbanization of the human population. Scientific American, 213, 40-53(1965).
[21] DorianJ P. Central Asia: A major emerging energy player in the 21st century. Energy Policy, 34, 544-555(2006).
[22] DorianJ P, AbbasovichU T, TonkopyM S et al. Energy in Central Asia and Northwest China: Major trends and opportunities for regional cooperation. Energy Policy, 27, 281-297(1999).
[23] DorianJ P, ZhanseitovS F, IndriyantoS H. The Kazakh oil industry: A potential critical role in Central Asia. Energy Policy, 22, 685-698(1994).
[24] EffimoffI. The oil and gas resource base of the Caspian region. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 28, 157-159(2000).
[25] Urbanization in Central Asia: Challenge, Issues and Prospects. Tashkent: Center for. Economic Research(2013).
[26] Esen?. Security of the energy supply in Turkey: Prospects, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6, 281-289(2016).
[27] FangC L, MaoH Y, BaoC et al. Risk and prevention suggestions of China’s energy security in energy cooperation development with Central Asia in Silk Road Economic Belt. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 33, 554-562(2018).
[28] FazilovF, ChenX. China and Central Asia: A significant new energy nexus. The European Financial Review, 4, 38-43(2013).
[29] FouquauJ, HurlinC, RabaudI. The Feldstein-Horioka puzzle: A panel smooth transition regression approach. Economic Modelling, 25, 284-299(2008).
[30] GeY, YaoS, PuY et al. Application of spatial autocorrelation for the spatial patterns of urbanization and localization economy. Human Geography, 20, 21-25(2005).
[31] GonzálezA, Ter?svirtaT, vanDijk D et al. Panel Smooth Transition Regression Models. Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 604, Stockholm School of Economics. August(2005).
[32] MaH T, Sun, Z. Protection level and risk prevention of oil resources development in Central Asia for China. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 33, 594-600(2018).
[33] HanL, ZhouW, LiW et al. Urbanization strategy and environmental changes: An insight with relationship between population change and fine particulate pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 642, 789-799(2018).
[34] HansenB E. Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93, 345-368(1999).
[35] HosierR H, MwandosyaM J, LuhangaM L. Future energy development in Tanzania: The energy costs of urbanization. Energy Policy, 21, 524-542(1993).
[36] KazmaganbetovaM, SuleimenovB, AyashevK et al. Sectoral structure and energy use in Kazakhstan’s regions. 4th IET Clean Energy and. Technology Conference(2016).
[37] KimY, IndeoF. The new great game in Central Asia post 2014: The US “New Silk Road” strategy and Sino-Russian rivalry. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 46, 275-286(2013).
[38] LiJ X, ChenY N, LiZ et al. Quantitative analysis of the impact factors of conventional energy carbon emissions in Kazakhstan based on LMDI decomposition and STIRPAT mode. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 28, 1001-1019(2018).
[39] LuongP J. Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Power, Perceptions, and Pacts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press(2002).
[40] MaB B, LuC X, ZhangL et al. The temporal and spatial patterns and potential evaluation of China’s energy resources development. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20, 347-356(2010).
[41] MaparuT S, MazumderT N. Transport infrastructure, economic development and urbanization in India (1990-2011): Is there any causal relationship?. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 100, 319-336(2017).
[42] . Raw Material Countries Need to Adapt to Crisis II: Kazakhstan(2016). http://kz.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ztdy/201604/20160401307788.shtml
[43] OlcottM B. International gas trade in Central Asia: Turkmenistan, Iran, Russia and Afghanistan. Natural Gas and Geopolitics, 202-233(2006).
[44] PetersenA, BaryschK. Russia, China and the Geopolitics of Energy in Central Asia. Centre for. European Reform(2011).
[45] PoumanyvongP, KanekoS. Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics, 70, 434-444(2010).
[46] RakhimovM. Internal and external dynamics of regional cooperation in Central Asia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 1, 95-101(2010).
[47] RoyO. The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations. New York: IB Tauris(2007).
[48] TangH, YangD G, ChenD B et al. Development of energy industry and its impact on regional economy in the Central Asia. Arid Land Geography, 37, 630-637(2014).
[49] TarrD G. The terms-of-trade effects of moving to world prices on countries of the former Soviet Union. Journal of Comparative Economics, 18, 1-24(1994).
[50] . World Development Indicators (WDI)(2019). https://databank.worldbank.org/
[51] . World Energy Balances(2019). https://www.iea.org/statistics/
[52] TurokI, McGranahanG. Urbanization and economic growth: The arguments and evidence for Africa and Asia. Environment and Urbanization, 25, 465-482(2013).
[53] Economic development in Africa: Foster industrial development in Africa in the new global environment: Report 2011. New York: UNCTD(2011).
[54] WangS J, FangC L, GuanX et al. Urbanisation, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A panel data analysis of China’s provinces. Applied Energy, 136, 738-749(2014).
[55] WangZ, SunY, WangB. How does the new-type urbanisation affect CO2 emissions in China? An empirical analysis from the perspective of technological progress. Energy Economics, 80, 917-927(2019).
[56] WuH, HaoY, WengJ H. How does energy consumption affect China’s urbanization? New evidence from dynamic threshold panel models. Energy Policy, 127, 24-38(2019).
[57] YangQ Z, MaP P, LvS J. Research on development efficiency of national energy base based on DDF-DEA Three-stage Model: Take 20 large comprehensive energy bases divided by the state as an example. Journal of Industrial Technological Economics, 39, 143-153(2020).
[58] YangY, HeZ, LiuY. Global energy cooperation between China and Central Asia: Current situation, risks, and countermeasures. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 33, 575-584(2018).
[59] YangY, LiX, DongW et al. Assessing China’s human-environment relationship. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29, 1261-1283(2019).
[60] YangY, LiuY, JinF J. Study on energy cooperation between China and the Central Asia and Russia under the view of energy geopolitics. Geographical Research, 34, 213-224(2015).
[61] YeerkenW, LiuH, LiuW D. Evaluation of Kazakhstan’s urbanization during 1992-2011 and its influencing factors. Progress in Geography, 33, 181-193(2014).
[62] YorkR. Demographic trends and energy consumption in European Union Nations, 1960-2025. Social Science Research, 36, 855-872(2007).
[63] ZabortsevaY N. From the “forgotten region” to the “great game” region: On the development of geopolitics in Central Asia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 3, 168-176(2012).
[64] ZhangC, LinY. Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China. Energy Policy, 49, 488-498(2012).
[65] ZhangJ. Urbanization, population transition, and growth. Oxford Economic Papers, 54, 91-117(2002).
[66] ZhaoY B, LiuX F, WangS J et al. Energy relations between China and the countries along the Belt and Road: An analysis of the distribution of energy resources and interdependence relationships. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107, 133-144(2019).
