Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and poses a serious threat to women’s life and health. Current treatments mainly focus on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and have apparent side effects. In the field of cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been highly favored in tumor treatment in recent years because of its advantages of low invasiveness, high selectivity, and reproducibility of treatment. In this direction, we designed an innovative drug-loaded platform based on a metal-organic framework (MOF) for the ablation of breast cancer cells. MOF material PCN-224 can be used as a photosensitizer and a platform for carrying anticancer drugs, and the designed drug-loaded nanoplatform has a double killing effect on breast cancer cells. First, we loaded the anticancer drug MMAE into PCN-224 to determine the drug-loading capacity. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of the drug-carrying material PCN@MMAE and the bare PCN-224 material were compared. Results showed that under identical illumination conditions, the drug-loaded platform significantly enhanced the killing effect without any obvious dark toxicity and effectively exhibited a synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy.