Optical Sensing: the Last Frontier for Enabling Intelligence in Our Wired up World and Beyond

John CANNING

doi:10.1007/s13320-012-0064-5

[1] I. Maxwell, “Measuring science outcomes,” in Chemistry in Australia (Royal Australian Chemical Institute), Views, technology and innovation, pp. 40, 2012.

[2] http://www.davidideas.com/details/Idea_15_Le_Whif _as_Commercial_Product; reported in http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/restaurants-ba rs/chocolate-without-calories-its-finally-arrived/storyfn93ypt9-1226353111364.

[3] Editors: J. Canning, G. D. Peng, 3rd Asia Pacific Optical Sensor Conference, Sydney NSW, Australia 2012, www.apos2012.org.

[4] http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/dawkins-shades-pell-in-battle-of-belief-20120410-1w lk9.html; the debate can be watched here: http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s3469101.htm.

[5] A. C. Clarke, Glide Path (non-fiction), 1963, various editions exist since.

[6] H. Potocnik, Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums - der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel - The Rocket Motor), Berlin, 1928; Published partially in 3 parts in the United States’ Science Wonder Stories, 1929.

[7] A. C. Clarke, “Extra-terrestrial relays,” Wireless World, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 305-308, 1945.

[8] W. Lewis, America and the Cosmic Man (non-fiction). Doubleday, USA, 1948.

[9] A. C. Clarke, Coast of Coral (Blue Planet Trilogy) (non-fiction), I Books, UK, 1955 (reissued many times with new editions to be available soon through Amazon).

[10] Barak Obama, Nobel Peace Prize, 2009 (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laure ates/2009/press.html).

[11] Wikileaks releases US cables, 2010; http://www.wikileaks.org/cablegate.html; J. Crace, “WikiLeaks cables show diplomacy is a madhouse: International relations are as gossip-rich as we’d imagined, US embassy cables reveal”, The Guardian, 2010;http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/feb/08/wikileaks-cables-diplomacy-madhouse.

[12] J. Cameron (Director), The Terminator (science fiction movie). United States: Helmdale Film Corporation, 1984.

[13] C. W. Hansell, “Picture transmission,” U. S. Patent 1 751 584, March 25, 1930.

[14] N. Madamopoulos, “Optical communications: 32 centuries in the making,” Journal Student Research, vol. 3, pp. 67-72, 2010; no primary source was supplied.

[15] D. D. Sampson, “Human cancer imaging with optical coherence tomography microscope-in-a-needle technology,” (Plenary talk) prsented at 3rd Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference (APOS 2012), Sydney, Australia, Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 2012.

[16] K. M. Kennedy, B. F. Kennedy, R. A. McLaughlin, and D. D. Sampson, “A new method of optical biopsy: demonstration of mechanical contrast in deep tissue using an optical coherence elastography needle probe,” (Post-deadline paper) presented at 3rd Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference (APOS 2012), Sydney, Australia, Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 2012.

[17] J. Hecht, City of light: the story of fiber optics, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 (a broader, more insightful read from a personal perspective on the history of telecommunications and optical fibers is A.C. Clarke, How the world was One: Beyond the Global Village, Bantam UK, 1992).

[18] E. Snitzer, “Cylindrical dielectric waveguide modes,” Journal of Optical Society Of America, vol 51, no. 5, pp. 491-498, 1961; E. Snitzer and H. Osterberg, “Observed dielectric waveguide modes in the visible spectrum,” Journal of Optical Society of America, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 499-505, 1961.

[19] E. Snitzer, “Proposed fiber cavities for optical masers,” Journal Applied. Physics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 36-39, 1961; C. J. Koester and E. Snitzer, “Amplification in a fiber laser,” Applied Optics, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1182-1186, 1964; E. Snitzer, “Glass lasers,” Applied Optics, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 1487-1499, 1966.

[20] G. C. Holstl and E. Snitzer, “Detection with a fiber laser preamplifier at 1.06 p,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 319-320, 1969.

[21] http://www.sff.net/people/jeff.hecht/chron.html; this chronological summary provides a somewhat eye-raising insight behind the three papers associated with the development of the optical fiber where the Corning contributions are recorded much more narrowly. Notably, the contributions of Kao in triggering this work by approaching Corning are absent as is a reference to the 1966 Kao and Hockham work - this potentially highlights significant ethical challeng es created by commercial interests: P. Kapron, D. B. Keck, and R. D. Maurer, “Radiation losses in glass optical waveguides,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 423-425, 1970; D. B. Keck, P. C. Schultz, and F. Zimar, “Attenuation of multimode glass optical waveguides,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 215-3217, 1972.

[22] C. K. Kao and G. A. Hockham, “Dielectric-fiber surface waveguides for optical frequencies,” in Proc. Instn. elect. Engineers, vol. 113, no. 3, 1966, pp. 191-198, 1966; K. C. Kao and T. W. Davies, “Spectrophotometric studies of ultra low loss optical glasses I: single beam method,” Journal Physics E: Scientific Instrument, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 1063-1068, 1968; J. Lytollis, C. K. Kao, and G. I. Turner, “Infra-red optical communications system,” Infrared Physics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 123-129, 1968.

[23] G. A. Hockham wins the Rank Prize for the work he and Kao did on suggesting the use of waveguides.

[24] A. K. T. Lau, “The potential of embedded sensor technologies in NASA’s aerospace applications,” presented at 3rd Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference (APOS 2012), Sydney, Australia, Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 2012.

[25] V. Parro, G. D. Diego-Castilla, J. A. Rodríguez-Manfredi, L. A. Rivas, Y. Blanco-López, E. Sebastián, et al., “SOLID3: a multiplex antibody microarray-based optical sensor instrument for in situ life detection in planetary exploration,” Astrobiology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 15-28, 2011.

[26] J. Canning, M. Naqshbandi, and M. J. Crossley, “Measurement of rhodamine B absorption in self-assembled silica microwires using a tablet as the optical source,” presented at 3rd Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference (APOS 2012), Sydney, Australia, Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 2012; J. Canning, A. Lau, M. Naqshbandi, I. Petermann, and M. J. Crossley, “Measurement of fluorescence in a rhodamine-123 doped self-assembled ’giant’ mesostructured silica sphere using a smartphone as optical hardware,” Sensors, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 7055-7062, 2011.

[27] P. K. Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep (science fiction), 1968, published by many distributors (listed on most sites such as Amazon).

[28] E. Steel and G. A. Fowler, “Facebook in privacy breach top-ranked applications transmit personal IDs, a journal investigation finds,” The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 17, 2010; C. M. Hoadley, H. Xu, J. J. Lee, and M. B. Rosson, “Privacy as information access and illusory control: the case of the facebook news feed privacy outcry,” Electronic Commerce Research & Applications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 50-60, 2010.

[29] G. Orwell, 1984 (science fiction), 1950.

[30] X. Bao, S. Xie, X. Liu, and L. Chen, “The non-uniformity and dispersion in SBS-based fiber sensors,” presented at 3rd Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference (APOS 2012), Sydney, Australia, Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 2012.

[31] D. D. Sampson, B. C. Quirk, A. Curatolo, L. Scolaro, R. W. Kirk, D. Lorenser, et al., “Microscope-in-a-needle technology for deep-tissue 3D imaging,” (Inv. talks) in Information Photonics 2011, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 1-2, 2011.

[32] A. C. Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey (science fiction), 1968; Concurrently with S. Kubrick (director), A. Clarke & S. Kubrick (Script), movie version 2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968.

[33] A. Mendez, “Fiber optic biomedical sensors: principles, trends & applications,” presented at 3rd Asia Pacific Optical Sensors Conference (APOS 2012), Sydney, Australia, Jan. 31-Feb. 3, 2012.

[34] M. Keefe, “The evolution of communication,” Cartoon, The Denver Post, United States, 2009 (http://www.intoon.com/#68559).

[35] J. C. R. Licklider, “Man-computer symbiosis,” Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol HFE-1, no. 1, pp. 4-11, 1960.

[36] http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2562; Aristophanes’ play The Clouds (423 B.C.) has been lost and its current translation, from 1970, is thought to be inaccurate; it was the play which satirized Socrates and which Plato in his work The Apology accused of precipitating the subsequent execution of Socrates in 399 B.C. [the merits of the accusation are still debated but it is likely it brought unnecessary attention to him); recent translation by B. Jowett, ebooks@adelaide (2006), updated 2010].

[37] Android Open Source Project, http://source.android.com/.

[38] A very well written piece that fills in gaps missing in other articles is R. Manne, “The cypherpunk revolutionary: Julian Assange,” originally published in The Monthly (2011), reproduced in The Best Australian Essays 2011 (Ed. R. Koval), Black Inc Victoria, Australia, 2011.

[39] D. Domscheit-Berg, Inside WikiLeaks: my time with Julian Assange at the world’s most dangerous website. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Scribe Publications, 2011.

[40] A. Moses, “Brain drain: why entrepreneurs leave home,” & “Tech exodus: what you say about the brain drain crippling Australia's tech industry,” Sydney Morning Herald (newspaper), May 18, 2012, available at http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/tech-exodus-what-you-say-about-thebrain-drain-crippling-australias-tech-industry-20120518-1yud7.html#ixzz1vBoX9ttu.

[41] B. Sparrow, J. Lui, and D. M. Wegener, “Effects on memory: cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips,” Science, vol. 333, no. 6043, pp. 776-778, 2011.

[42] H. G. Wells, The Time Machine (science fiction novella), 1895 [republished many times since - search Amazon; made into two films (British MGM1960; DreamWorks/Warner Bros 2002 - first is recommended) and television film, 1978, Sun Classic Pictures, 1978].

[43] C. Lorrre, B. Prady, Big Bang, http://www.tv.com/shows/the-big-bang-theory/ (fiction comedy).

[44] V. Hackenbroch and G. Traufetter, SPIEGEL Online: http://abcnews.go.com/health/super-flu-controversy-bre ws-scientists-creation-killer-viruses/story id=15721283 and http://www.rushfm.co.nz/ page_id=1216.

[45] A. Ratsch, K. J. Steadman, and F. Bogossian, “The pituri story: a review of the historical literature surrounding traditional Australian aboriginal use of nicotine in central Australia,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-13, 2010.