In deep space exploration, microwave-based communication and ranging payloads face problems such as high link loss and tight spectrum resources. Compared with microwave, laser beam has a small divergence angle and more concentrated energy, which can reach a longer transmission distance, and the laser-based communication and ranging payloads have the advantages of small size and light weight. In this paper, an integrated deep space exploration system based on laser coherent heterodyne spread spectrum communication and ranging is constructed, an interpolation resampling method based on a curve model is proposed, and theoretical simulation and experimental verification of the curve model are carried out. The model is constructed from a priori information of the system and is a linear function of the pseudo-random code phase difference. The experimental results show that for static targets, the ranging deviation is no more than 0.55 mm and the ranging precision does not exceed 0.42 mm, and for dynamic targets, the ranging deviation is no more than 0.59 mm. Communication with zero bit rate is also realized in ranging for static and dynamic target. In addition, the integrated design of spread-spectrum communication and ranging is applied to deep space navigation and deep space time-frequency synchronization, which can improve the real-time performance.