| X-ray electron spectroscopy | Copper and copper oxide on circuit boards | The thickness of the covering layer is reduced from 15-25 nm to ≤ 10 nm | [17]
|
| Laser induced breakdown spectrum | Ancient Pentelic marble covered with a black crust | Select the best laser parameters for effective cleaning | [46]
|
| X-ray fluorescence analyzer | Historical site surface pollutants and natural sediments | X-ray fluorescence analyzer can be used to monitor the quality of laser cleaning of historic sites | [58]
|
| X-ray powder diffraction, pyrolytic-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy | City statue | Degradation products affecting its surface and organic coatings for protection were analyzed | [62]
|
| Laser induced fluorescence, laser induced breakdown spectrum, Fourier transform Raman spectrum and infrared spectrum | Coloured wooden ceiling | The influence of laser wavelength is studied | [72]
|
| Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, laser induced plasma spectroscopy | Fine biocomposites such as 15th-and 16th-century parchment manuscripts and 19th-century printing paper | The feasibility of the two technologies in the field of non-destructive on-line monitoring is studied | [81]
|
| Energy dispersive X-ray analysis | Metal surface coating material | Ablative with TEA CO2 laser pulse
| [97]
|
| Energy dispersive X-ray analysis | Two Malaysian car coatings | The balance of carbon and oxygen components in the cleaning process helps to reduce the coating | [105]
|
| Auger electron spectroscopy | Stainless steel surface | γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 formed on the surface of stainless steel are found
| [125]
|
| Glow Discharge Emission Spectra (GDOES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) | AA7024-T4 aluminum alloy | The change of material properties is related to the change of surface oxide state | [127]
|
| Raman spectral analysis | Marine metal | The relationship between laser power output and Raman spectrum is established | [128]
|
| X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy | The rust of the ship | The corrosion resistance of the laser cleaned surface is about 5 times that of the corroded surface | [129]
|
| Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction spectroscopy (LEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) | The oxide layer on Si(100) surface | Complete pollutant elimination is achieved | [167]
|
| Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) | The oxide layer on Si(100) surface | Complete contaminant elimination is achieved without any damage to the surface | [168]
|
| Laser induced breakdown spectrum | Inlaid stone carvings | It is an inexpensive tool for real-time monitoring of laser ablation and determining safe surface cleaning interventions | [174]
|
| Fiber Optic Reflection Spectroscopy (FORS) and Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) | Limestone surface | Assess protection status and determine more appropriate cleaning recovery levels | [175]
|
| Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy | Paint | The infrared absorption spectrum of the clean surface has two additional peaks | [192]
|
| Electron backscatter diffraction | Q345 (Gr·B) steel surface paint | After cleaning, the surface is relatively flat, the content of Fe and C elements reaches 89% and 9% respectively, and the hardness is improved. | [193]
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