The 1 μm band ultrafast laser has a wide application prospect in material surface modification and material micromachining. Laser oscillation and amplification technology can enhance the mode selection ability of resonator, and laser gain and compensation device can increase the peak power of laser, and further reduce the pulse width of output laser. This paper mainly summarizes the latest research progress of ultrafast laser oscillator (pure passive mode-locking, soliton clamping, and Kerr lens mode locking) and ultrafast laser amplifier (chirp pulse amplification, pulse shaping, and nonlinear compression technique) of the 1 μm band period, and 1 μm ultrafast laser control devices and systems (laser gain medium, dispersion control device, high order transverse mode generation, and ultrafast laser intelligent control). Finally, the development prospect and trend of 1 μm band period ultrafast laser are prospected.