Author Affiliations
1National Engineering Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing for Large Metallic Components, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China2Yu Ding Additive Manufacturing Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100025, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Schematic of laser direct deposition process and sampling diagram for three-point bending experiment. (a) Schematic of multi-channel and multi-layer deposition; (b) sampling diagram for three-point bending experiment
Fig. 2. Geometric model and meshing of three-point bending experiment in finite element simulation
Fig. 3. OM and SEM images of TA15 and TA2 zones of TA2/TA15 gradient materials. (a) TA15; (b) TA2
Fig. 4. OM and SEM images of transition zone of TA2/TA15 gradient material. (a) Macrostructure image of transition zone; (b)(c)(d) microstructures of different transition zones
Fig. 5. Microhardness of TA2/TA15 gradient materials with different Al contents
Fig. 6. Experimental result of three-point bending. (a) Macroscopic deformation of samples; (b) load-displacement curves of samples; (c) bending strength of specimens; (d) displacement of samples in bending failure
Fig. 7. SEM images of samples after failure during bending experiment. (a)(b) TA15 sample; (c) GZ-1 sample; (d) GZ-2 sample
Fig. 8. Images of crack propagation path of GZ-3 sample. (a) Bottom of crack propagation path; (b) beginning position of crack propagation path
Fig. 9. Stress field distribution diagrams of gradient materials obtained by finite element simulation when the maximum true strain in x direction is 0.005, 0.05, and 0.1. (a) TA15 model; (b) GZ-1 model; (c) GZ-2 model; (d) GZ-3 model
Fig. 10. Stress field distribution of gradient materials obtained by finite element simulation when the load is 200 N, 400 N, and 600 N. (a) TA15 model; (b) GZ-1 model; (c) GZ-2 model; (d) GZ-3 model
Fig. 11. Load-displacement curves of TA15 sample obtained by three-point bending test and finite element simulation
Alloy | Mass fraction /% |
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Ti | Al | Zr | Mo | V | C | Fe | Si | O | N | H |
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TA2 | Bal. | - | - | - | - | 0.10 | 0.30 | - | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.015 | TA15 | Bal. | 5.5--7.0 | 1.5--2.5 | 0.5--2.0 | 0.8--2.5 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.015 |
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Table 1. Chemical composition of TA2 and TA15 alloys
Material | Yieldstrength /MPa | Tensilestrength /MPa |
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TA2 | 396 | 490 | TA2/TA15 (massfraction of Al is 1.5%) | 561 | 653 | TA2/TA15 (massfraction of Al is 2.5%) | 651 | 735 | TA2/TA15 (massfraction of Al is 4.0%) | 763 | 862 | TA15 | 946 | 1014 |
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Table 2. Tensile properties of as-deposited TA2, TA15 and TA2/TA15 gradient materials