Examination of Cigarette Ash Evidence by XRF Combined with Chemometrics

Fu Junze; Jiang Hong; Li Yi; Man Ji; Guo Zhongzheng

doi:10.3788/LOP202158.0630003

Journals >Laser & Optoelectronics Progress >Volume 58 >Issue 6 >Page 630003 > Article

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress
Vol. 58, Issue 6, 630003 (2021)

Examination of Cigarette Ash Evidence by XRF Combined with Chemometrics

Fu Junze¹, Jiang Hong^1、*, Li Yi¹, Man Ji², and Guo Zhongzheng¹

Author Affiliations

¹Institute of Criminal Investigation, People''s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China

²Beijing Huayi Honrizon Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024,China

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DOI: 10.3788/LOP202158.0630003 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Fu Junze, Jiang Hong, Li Yi, Man Ji, Guo Zhongzheng. Examination of Cigarette Ash Evidence by XRF Combined with Chemometrics[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(6): 630003 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Relationship between WSS and the number of clusters

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Fig. 2. K-means clustering results

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Fig. 4. Joint distribution of discriminant functions

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Classification	Sample number
1	4#、14#、26#、30#、34#、35#
2	1#、2#、3#、5#、6#、7#、8#、9#、10#、11#、12#、13#、15#、16#、18#、20#、21#、22#、23#、24#、25#、27#、28#、29#、31#、32#
3	33#、37#、39#、40#、41#
4	17#、19#、36#、38#、42#

Table 1. Clustering results of samples

Component	Initial eigenvalue		Total variance of interpretation		Extract sum of squares load
Component	Total	Variance /%	Accumulation /%	Total	Accumulation /%	Total /%
1	7.279	61.996	61.996	7.279	61.996	61.996
2	1.707	22.194	84.190	1.707	22.194	84.190
3	1.307	9.336	93.526	1.307	9.336	93.526
4	0.844	3.028	96.555
5	0.761	2.433	98.988

Table 2. Contribution rate of cumulative explanatory variance

Element	Position	ANOVA
Element	Position	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Significance
Pb	Between groups	1644.94	3.00	548.31	15.74	0.00
	Within group	1324.13	38.00	34.85
	Total	2969.07	41.00
Zr	Between groups	3161.29	3.00	1053.76	28.54	0.00
	Within group	1402.83	38.00	36.92
	Total	4564.12	41.00
Ba	Between groups	44210.94	3.00	14736.98	41.47	0.00
	Within group	13504.96	38.00	355.39
	Total	57715.91	41.00
Hg	Between groups	1582.79	3.00	527.60	32.33	0.00
	Within group	620.19	38.00	16.32
	Total	2202.98	41.00
Co	Between groups	337.33	3.00	112.44	2.00	0.13
	Within group	2133.17	38.00	56.14
	Total	2470.50	41.00
Cu	Between groups	11171.62	3.00	3723.87	13.33	0.00
	Within group	10614.29	38.00	279.32
	Total	21785.91	41.00
Zn	Between groups	269753.66	3.00	89917.89	6.54	0.00
	Within group	522482.82	38.00	13749.55
	Total	792236.48	41.00
Rb	Between groups	24233.79	3.00	8077.93	27.23	0.00
	Within group	11271.85	38.00	296.63
	Total	35505.64	41.00
Sr	Between groups	466776.87	3.00	155592.29	42.82	0.00
	Within group	138089.92	38.00	3633.95
	Total	604866.79	41.00
K	Between groups	8924000000.00	3.00	2975000000.00	4.62	0.01
	Within group	24470000000.00	38.00	643900000.00
	Total	33390000000.00	41.00
Ca	Between groups	40140000000.00	3.00	13380000000.00	15.39	0.00
	Within group	33040000000.00	38.00	869600000.00
	Total	73190000000.00	41.00
Element	Position	ANOVA
Element	Position	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Significance
Ti	Between groups	295571.14	3.00	98523.71	3.65	0.02
	Within group	1025183.26	38.00	26978.51
	Total	1320754.41	41.00
Mn	Between groups	4000895.75	3.00	1333631.92	23.64	0.00
	Within group	2143526.37	38.00	56408.59
	Total	6144422.12	41.00
Fe	Between groups	5894951.33	3.00	1964983.78	7.73	0.00
	Withingroup	9662295.15	38.00	254270.93
	Total	15557246.48	41.00

Table 3. Results of one-way ANOVA

Function	Wilks Lambda	Chi square	df	Signification
1 to 3	0.008	154.020	42	0.000
2 to 3	0.130	65.264	26	0.000
3	0.494	22.572	12	0.032

Table 4. Test discriminant results of Wilks Lambda

Function	Characteristic value	Percent of variance	Cumulative /%	Regular correlation
1	15.017	79.7	79.7	0.968
2	2.797	14.8	94.6	0.858

Table 5. Eigenvalue of discriminant function

Item		Classification	Forecast group member				Total
Item		Classification	1	2	3	4	Total
Initial	Count	1	6	0	0	0	6
		2	0	26	0	0	26
		3	0	0	5	0	5
		4	0	0	0	5	5
	Percentage /%	1	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	100.0
		2	0.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	100.0
		3	0.0	0.0	100.0	0.0	100.0
		4	0.0	0.0	0.0	100.0	100.0

Table 6. Output table of sample regression

Fu Junze, Jiang Hong, Li Yi, Man Ji, Guo Zhongzheng. Examination of Cigarette Ash Evidence by XRF Combined with Chemometrics[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(6): 630003

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