Tumor biomarker plays an important role in early diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and prognosis prediction for human medicine and cancers. At present, the human serum tumor biomarker detection methods have defections, such as radioactive contamination, complicated operation, long detection time and high cost, which limit the widespread applications in clinic screening. The LSPR biosensor, a novel type of optical fiber-based biosensor, uses an optical fiber or optical fiber bundle to transform biological recognition information into analytically useful signals in the LSPR spectrum, which is suitable for clinical detection because of the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, label free, portable equipment and lower cost. In this paper, the principle and research progress of local surface plasmon resonance biosensor, especially the main findings of our study group, are reviewed.