Author Affiliations
1College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning University of Engineering and Technology, Huludao, Liaoning 125100 China2Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Structure diagram of residual module
Fig. 2. Structure of hyperspectral image classification combined with convolutional neural network and sparse coding
Fig. 3. Indian Pines dataset and label drawing
Fig. 4. Salinas dataset and label diagram
Fig. 5. Pavia University dataset and label diagram
Fig. 6. Classification of each algorithm in Indian Pines dataset. (a) Lable; (b) RBF-SVM; (c) Se-2D-CNN; (d) 3D-CNN; (e) SSC; (f) SOMP; (g) our algorithm
Fig. 7. Classification of each algorithm in Salinas dataset. (a) Lable; (b) RBF-SVM; (c) Se-2D-CNN; (d) 3D-CNN; (e) SSC; (f) SOMP; (g) our algorithm
Fig. 8. Classification of each algorithm in Pavia University dataset. (a) Lable; (b) FBF-SVM; (c) Se-2D-CNN; (d) 3D-CNN; (e) SSC; (f) SOMP; (g) our algorithm
Label | Class | Sample quantity |
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Training | Test |
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1 | Alfalfa | 9 | 37 | 2 | Corn-no | 285 | 1143 | 3 | Corn-min | 166 | 664 | 4 | Corn | 47 | 190 | 5 | Grass/pasture | 97 | 386 | 6 | Grass/trees | 146 | 584 | 7 | G/pasture-mo | 6 | 22 | 8 | Hay-win | 96 | 382 | 9 | Oats | 4 | 16 | 10 | Soy-no | 194 | 778 | 11 | Soy-min | 491 | 1964 | 12 | Soy-cle | 118 | 475 | 13 | Wheat | 41 | 164 | 14 | Woods | 253 | 1012 | 15 | BGTD | 77 | 309 | 16 | SST | 19 | 74 | Total | - | 2049 | 8200 |
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Table 1. Quantity of training and test samples in Indian Pines dataset
Label | Class | Sample quantity |
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Training | Test |
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1 | Brocoli-gw-1 | 402 | 1607 | 2 | Brocoli-gw-2 | 745 | 2981 | 3 | Fallow | 395 | 1581 | 4 | Fallow-rp | 279 | 1115 | 5 | Fallow-sm | 536 | 2142 | 6 | Stubble | 792 | 3167 | 7 | Celery | 716 | 2863 | 8 | Grapes-un | 2254 | 9017 | 9 | Soil-vd | 1240 | 4963 | 10 | CSGW | 656 | 2622 | 11 | Lettuce-ro-4wk | 214 | 854 | 12 | Lettuce-ro-5wk | 385 | 1542 | 13 | Lettuce-ro-6wk | 183 | 733 | 14 | Lettuce-ro-7wk | 214 | 856 | 15 | Vinyard-un | 1453 | 5815 | 16 | Vinyard-vt | 361 | 1446 | Total | - | 10825 | 43304 |
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Table 2. Quantity of training and test samples in Salinas dataset
Label | Class | Sample quantity |
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Training | Test |
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1 | Asphalt | 1326 | 5305 | 2 | Meadows | 3730 | 14919 | 3 | Gravel | 420 | 1679 | 4 | Trees | 613 | 2451 | 5 | Painted-ms | 269 | 1076 | 6 | Bare Soil | 1006 | 4023 | 7 | Bitumen | 269 | 1064 | 8 | Self-b Bricks | 736 | 2946 | 9 | Shadows | 189 | 758 | Total | - | 8555 | 34221 |
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Table 3. Quantity of training and test sample in Pavia University dataset
Label | Classification accuracy /% |
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RBF-SVM | Se-2D-CNN | 3D-CNN | SSC | SOMP | Ours |
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1 | 49.58 | 57.72 | 70.31 | 55.42 | 86.88 | 99.94 | 2 | 78.36 | 88.74 | 82.02 | 74.90 | 93.78 | 95.38 | 3 | 64.60 | 81.89 | 89.88 | 60.91 | 91.84 | 97.65 | 4 | 60.05 | 77.42 | 97.23 | 48.33 | 93.48 | 99.82 | 5 | 94.03 | 95.68 | 94.56 | 91.59 | 92.48 | 98.33 | 6 | 96.09 | 98.43 | 99.30 | 95.54 | 99.23 | 99.59 | 7 | 61.30 | 77.56 | 93.65 | 24.35 | 51.74 | 98.67 | 8 | 98.73 | 95.01 | 99.99 | 99.27 | 99.95 | 98.56 | 9 | 42.22 | 57.54 | 54.55 | 7.78 | 3.33 | 99.99 | 10 | 60.14 | 85.02 | 96.23 | 64.02 | 87.22 | 99.83 | 11 | 87.39 | 88.41 | 98.97 | 82.27 | 97.35 | 99.78 | 12 | 73.06 | 71.33 | 93.36 | 74.26 | 87.63 | 98.56 | 13 | 99.32 | 97.91 | 98.32 | 99.26 | 98.26 | 98.93 | 14 | 96.91 | 97.37 | 99.67 | 95.64 | 98.54 | 99.33 | 15 | 54.30 | 91.45 | 97.82 | 58.98 | 97.46 | 99.79 | 16 | 90.82 | 90.30 | 97.35 | 91.65 | 96.00 | 97.72 | OA /% | 81.68 | 88.93 | 97.24 | 79.61 | 94.64 | 98.94 | AA /% | 75.43 | 84.49 | 91.32 | 70.26 | 85.95 | 98.89 | Kappa | 0.786 | 0.873 | 0.957 | 0.764 | 0.938 | 0.981 |
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Table 4. Classification accuracy of each algorithm in Indian Pines dataset
Label | Classification accuracy /% |
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RBF-SVM | Se-2D-CNN | 3D-CNN | SSC | SOMP | Ours |
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1 | 98.54 | 99.99 | 98.84 | 99.68 | 99.98 | 99.99 | 2 | 99.06 | 99.99 | 97.07 | 99.49 | 98.78 | 99.99 | 3 | 93.76 | 99.30 | 99.97 | 93.12 | 93.87 | 99.92 | 4 | 99.22 | 99.82 | 99.04 | 99.41 | 98.55 | 99.74 | 5 | 97.93 | 99.84 | 99.72 | 98.56 | 91.74 | 99.95 | 6 | 99.76 | 99.99 | 99.74 | 99.75 | 99.97 | 99.99 | 7 | 99.53 | 99.91 | 99.96 | 99.73 | 99.98 | 99.99 | 8 | 88.50 | 91.00 | 94.26 | 77.86 | 97.40 | 99.97 | 9 | 99.51 | 99.99 | 99.96 | 99.81 | 99.94 | 99.99 | 10 | 93.92 | 98.32 | 98.81 | 94.71 | 96.01 | 99.82 | 11 | 95.35 | 97.65 | 99.58 | 96.23 | 99.47 | 98.73 | 12 | 89.96 | 99.06 | 99.56 | 99.60 | 91.81 | 99.74 | 13 | 98.28 | 99.31 | 99.13 | 99.35 | 87.20 | 99.99 | 14 | 94.49 | 98.66 | 98.66 | 94.97 | 94.22 | 99.78 | 15 | 62.58 | 76.13 | 99.36 | 63.57 | 67.25 | 99.96 | 16 | 98.24 | 98.73 | 99.15 | 98.54 | 99.62 | 99.92 | OA /% | 91.34 | 95.95 | 98.87 | 89.49 | 93.48 | 98.99 | AA /% | 94.59 | 97.17 | 98.93 | 94.65 | 94.74 | 99.78 | Kappa | 0.903 | 0.955 | 0.987 | 0.882 | 0.926 | 0.988 |
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Table 5. Classification accuracy of each algorithm in Salinas dataset
Label | Classification accuracy /% |
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RBF-SVM | Se-2D-CNN | 3D-CNN | SSC | SOMP | Ours |
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1 | 81.76 | 98.13 | 98.52 | 84.62 | 80.39 | 98.15 | 2 | 84.91 | 83.49 | 98.91 | 84.00 | 92.75 | 99.78 | 3 | 76.61 | 98.36 | 98.84 | 75.55 | 94.91 | 99.54 | 4 | 96.08 | 77.85 | 97.98 | 94.85 | 95.26 | 99.57 | 5 | 99.57 | 99.93 | 99.98 | 99.62 | 99.94 | 99.80 | 6 | 83.16 | 91.93 | 98.46 | 84.86 | 85.29 | 99.97 | 7 | 89.65 | 98.30 | 99.45 | 78.24 | 99.27 | 97.26 | 8 | 81.79 | 92.14 | 95.76 | 68.39 | 87.34 | 98.21 | 9 | 97.99 | 89.21 | 96.48 | 97.98 | 85.14 | 98.93 | OA /% | 85.20 | 98.82 | 98.94 | 83.87 | 89.21 | 99.01 | AA /% | 87.95 | 92.27 | 96.61 | 85.45 | 91.11 | 99.05 | Kappa | 0.810 | 0.984 | 0.986 | 0.793 | 0.858 | 0.988 |
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Table 6. Classification accuracy of each algorithm in Pavia University dataset