Long Period Fiber Gratings Written in Photonic Crystal Fibers by Use of CO2 Laser

Yiping WANG; Changrui LIAO; Xiaoyong ZHONG; Jiangtao ZHOU; Yingjie LIU; Zhengyong LI; Guanjun WANG; and Kaiming YANG

doi:10.1007/s13320-013-0120-9

[1] Y. J. Rao, “In-fibre Bragg grating sensors,” Measurement Science & Technology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 355-375, 1997.

[2] C. R. Liao and D. N. Wang, “Review of femtosecond laser fabricated fiber Bragg gratings for high temperature sensing,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 97-101, 2013.

[3] A. M. Vengsarkar, P. J. Lemaire, J. B. Judkins, V. Bhatia, T. Erdogan, and J. E. Sipe, “Long-period fiber gratings as band-rejection filters,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 58-65, 1996.

[4] Y. Wang, “Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 108, no. 8, pp. 081101-1-081101-18, 2010.

[5] Y. Gu and K. Chiang, “Effects of average index variation in apodized long-period fiber gratings,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 102-111, 2013.

[6] J. Ju and W. Jin, “Long period gratings in photonic crystal fibers,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 65-70, 2012.

[7] J. Canning, N. Groothoff, K. Cook, M. Stevenson, J. Holdsworth, M. Lancry, et al., “Grating writing in structured optical fibers,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 199-203, 2011.

[8] D. D. Davis, T. K. Gaylord, E. N. Glytsis, S. G. Kosinski, S. C. Mettler, and A. M. Vengsarkar, “Long-period fibre grating fabrication with focused CO2 laser pulses,” Electronics Letters, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 302-303, 1998.

[9] Y. J. Rao, Y. P. Wang, Z. L. Ran, and T. Zhu, “Novel fiber-optic sensors based on long-period fiber gratings written by high-frequency CO2 laser pulses,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1320-1327, 2003.

[10] Y. J. Rao, T. Zhu, Z. L. Ran, Y. P. Wang, J. Jiang, and A. Z. Hu, “Novel long-period fiber gratings written by high-frequency CO2 laser pulses and applications in optical fiber communication,” Optics Communications, vol. 229, no. 1-6, pp. 209-221, 2004.

[11] Y. P. Wang, Y. J. Rao, Z. L. Ran, T. Zhu, and X. K. Zeng, “Bend-insensitive long-period fiber grating sensors,” Optics and Lasers in Engineering, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 233-239, 2004.

[12] I. K. Hwang, S. H. Yun, and B. Y. Kim, “Long-period fiber gratings based on periodic microbends,” Optics Letters, vol. 24, no. 18, pp. 1263-1265, 1999.

[13] Y. Kondo, K. Nouchi, T. Mitsuyu, M. Watanabe, P. G. Kazansky, and K. Hirao, “Fabrication of long-period fiber gratings by focused irradiation of infrared femtosecond laser pulses,” Optics Letters, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 646-648, 1999.

[14] S. Savin, M. J. F. Digonnet, G. S. Kino, and H. J. Shaw, “Tunable mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings,” Optics Letters, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 710-712, 2000.

[15] C. Y. Lin, G. W. Chern, and L. A. Wang, “Periodical corrugated structure for forming sampled fiber Bragg grating and long-period fiber grating with tunable coupling strength,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1212-1220, 2001.

[16] J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. S. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Optics Letters, vol. 21, no. 19, pp. 1547-1549, 1996.

[17] D. D. Davis, T. K. Gaylord, E. N. Glytsis, and S. C. Mettler, “CO2 laser-induced long-period fibre gratings: spectral characteristics, cladding modes and polarisation independence,” Electronics Letters, vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 1416-1417, 1998.

[18] Y. Zhu, P. Shum, J. H. Chong, M. K. Rao, and C. Lu, “Deep-notch, ultracompact long-period grating in a large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 28, no. 24, pp. 2467-2469, 2003.

[19] M. I. Braiwish, B. L. Bachim, and T. K. Gaylord, “Prototype CO2 laser-induced long-period fiber grating variable optical attenuators and optical tunable filters,” Applied Optics, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1789-1793, 2004.

[20] Y. P. Wang, D. N. Wang, W. Jin, Y. J. Rao, and G. D. Peng, “Asymmetric long period fiber gratings fabricated by use of CO2 laser to carve periodic grooves on the optical fiber,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 89, no. 15, pp. 151105-1-151105-3, 2006.

[21] Y. P. Wang, W. Jin, and D. N. Wang, “Strain characteristics of CO2-laser-carved long period fiber gratings,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 101-108, 2007.

[22] C. M. Smith, N. Venkataraman, M. T. Gallagher, D. Muller, J. A. West, N. F. Borrelli, et al., “Low-loss hollow-core silica/air photonic bandgap fibre,” Nature, vol. 424, no. 6949, pp. 657-659, 2003.

[23] B. J. Eggleton, P. S. Westbrook, R. S. Windeler, S. Spalter, and T. A. Strasser, “Grating resonances in air-silica microstructured optical fibers,” Optics Letters, vol. 24, no. 21, pp. 1460-1462, 1999.

[24] B. J. Eggleton, P. S. Westbrook, C. A. White, C. Kerbage, R. S. Windeler, and G. L. Burdge, “Cladding-mode-resonances in air-silica microstructure optical fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1084-1100, 2000.

[25] G. Kakarantzas, T. A. Birks, and P. S. Russell, “Structural long-period gratings in photonic crystal fibers,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1013-1015, 2002.

[26] Y. Wang, L. Xiao, D. N. Wang, and W. Jin, “In-fiber polarizer based on a long-period fiber grating written on photonic crystal fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1035-1037, 2007.

[27] Y. P. Wang, L. M. Xiao, D. N. Wang, and W. Jin, “Highly sensitive long-period fiber-grating strain sensor with low temperature sensitivity,” Optics Letters, vol. 31, no. 23, pp. 3414-3416, 2006.

[28] G. Humbert, A. Malki, S. Fevrier, P. Roy, and D. Pagnoux, “Electric arc-induced long-period gratings in Ge-free air-silica microstructure fibres,” Electronics Letters, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 349-350, 2003.

[29] L. B. Fu, G. D. Marshall, J. A. Bolger, P. Steinvurzel, E. C. Magi, M. J. Withford, et al., “Femtosecond laser writing Bragg gratings in pure silica photonic crystal fibres,” Electronics Letters, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 638-640, 2005.

[30] S. J. Mihailov, D. Grobnic, D. Huimin, C. W. Smelser, and B. Jes, “Femtosecond IR laser fabrication of Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibers and tapers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 18, no. 17, pp. 1837-1839, 2006.

[31] N. Groothoff, J. Canning, E. Buckley, K. Lyttikainen, and J. Zagari, “Bragg gratings in air-silica structured fibers,” Optics Letters, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 233-235, 2003.

[32] Y. Wang, H. Bartelt, M. Becker, S. Brueckner, J. Bergmann, J. Kobelke, et al., “Fiber Bragg grating inscription in pure-silica and Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers,” Applied Optics, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 1963-1968, 2009.

[33] Y. Wang, H. Bartelt, W. Ecke, R. Willsch, J. Kobelke, M. Kautz, et al., “Sensing properties of fiber Bragg gratings in small-core Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers,” Optics Communications, vol. 282, no. 6, pp. 1129-1134, 2009.

[34] Y. Zhu, P. Shum, H. W. Bay, M. Yan, X. Yu, J. Hu, et al., “Strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings inscribed in photonic crystal fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 367-369, 2005.

[35] L. Jin, W. Jin, J. Ju, and Y. Wang, “Coupled local-mode theory for strongly modulated long period gratings,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1745-1751, 2010.

[36] Y. Wang, W. Jin, L. Jin, X. Tan, H. Bartelt, W. Ecke, et al., “Optical switch based on a fluid-filled photonic crystal fiber Bragg grating,” Optics Letters, vol. 34, no. 23, pp. 3683-3685, 2009.

[37] T. B. Iredale, P. Steinvurzel, and B. J. Eggleton, “Electric-arc-induced long-period gratings in fluid-filled photonic bandgap fibre,” Electronics Letters, vol. 42, no. 13, pp. 739-740, 2006.

[38] Y. Wang, X. Tan, W. Jin, S. Liu, D. Ying, and Y. L. Hoo, “Improved bending property of half-filled photonic crystal fiber,” Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 12197-12202, 2010.

[39] Y. Wang, X. Tan, W. Jin, D. Ying, Y. L. Hoo, and S. Liu, “Temperature-controlled transformation in fiber types of fluid-filled photonic crystal fibers and applications,” Optics Letters, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 88-90, 2010.

[40] Y. Wang, S. Liu, X. Tan, and W. Jin, “Selective- fluid-filling technique of microstructured optical fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 3193-3196, 2010.

[41] L. Jin, Z. Wang, Q. Fang, B. Liu, Y. Liu, G. Kai, et al., “Bragg grating resonances in all-solid bandgap fibers,” Optics Letters, vol. 32, no. 18, pp. 2717-2719, 2007.

[42] Y. Wang, W. Jin, J. Ju, H. Xuan, H. L. Ho, L. Xiao, et al., “Long period gratings in air-core photonic bandgap fibers,” Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2784-2790, 2008.

[43] L. Jin, W. Jin, J. Ju, and Y. Wang , “Investigation of long-period grating resonances in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1708-1714, 2011.

[44] A. Iadicicco, S. Campopiano, and A. Cusano, “Long-period gratings in hollow core fibers by pressure-assisted arc discharge technique,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 23, no. 21, pp. 1567-1569, 2011.

[45] W. Shin, Y. L. Lee, T. J. Eom, B. A. Yu, and Y. C. Noh, “Temperature insensitive strain sensor based on long period fiber grating pair in photonic crystal fibers,” in 14th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (OECC 2009), Hong Kong, July 13-17, 2009, pp. 1-2, 2009.

[46] C. L. Zhao, L. Xiao, J. Ju, M. S. Demokan, and W. Jin, “Strain and temperature characteristics of a long-period grating written in a photonic crystal fiber and its application as a temperature-insensitive strain sensor,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 26, no. 1-4, pp. 220-227, 2008.

[47] Y. Wang, W. Jin, and D. N. Wang, “Unique temperature sensing characteristics of CO2-laser- notched long-period fiber gratings,” Optics and Lasers in Engineering, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1044-1048, 2009.

CLP Journals