To explore the relationship between farmland fragmentation and land use intensity, based on unmanned aerial vehicle high-resolution images and household survey data, and by comparing the accuracy of the measurement model of farmland fragmentation under different distance scenarios, this study calculated the farmland fragmentation index for Yayu Village, Guizhou Province and quantitatively analyzed the impact of different levels of farmland fragmentation on land use intensity. The farmland fragmentation measurement results of six distance scenarios show that road network from the farmers' farming plots to their homesteads was more accurate in measuring the level of farmland fragmentation. In this scenario, the average farmland fragmentation index in Yayu Village was 187.98, and time for commuting was high for the farmers. As the degree of farmland fragmentation of farmers intensified, labor input, capital input, and crop output value in agricultural management showed a downward trend in varying degrees. Among the capital inputs, the impact of farmland fragmentation on labor-saving input was most significant. In the context of migration of mountainous agricultural population, the fragmented farmland resources in rural areas had prompted farmers to speed up their withdrawal from agricultural production, resulting in inefficient use of farmland and even land abandonment.