Fig. 1. (a) The microwave radar echo (shaded, unit: dBz) at 1200 UTC 20 July 2015, the black cross represents the location of the microwave radar, the dashed pane is the convective cloud influenced Xi'an, and the black dot is the location of lidar; (b) The atmospheric temperature profile (densely gray pane) detected by lidar, and the FNL temperature profile (black circle) in Xi'an at 1200 UTC 20 July 2015, unit: K

Fig. 2. The detecting points, referencing points, and interpolating points in the MQ method

Fig. 3. Flow chart for the coupling of MQ and WRF

Fig. 4. The relationship between the RMSE and c
(a): 1 530 m; (b): 3 710 m

Fig. 5. The temperature distribution on the 49 groups of interpolated grids at 1 530 m (a) and 3 710 m (b)
The black dots represent irregular observations, unit: ℃

Fig. 6. Qualitative comparison of rainfall during 1200 UTC—1800 UTC 20 July 2015, unit: mm
(a): Observation precipitation; (b): CTRL Simulation precipitation before assimilating; (c): Simulation precipitation after assimilating the ground and sounding data; (d): Simulation precipitation after assimilating the lidar data

Table 1. Quantitative analysis of precipitation before and after data assimilating