Some environment-friendly and renewable energies are used since the existing problems for energy shortage and environmental pollution are needed to be solved. Hydrogen energy is one of widely used secondary energies with a rich source and low carbon emission, which can be used as a complement to electric/thermal energy, forming a modern energy supply system with a diversified complementary integration. However, hydrogen technology started late in China, and some key materials of water electrolyzers and fuel cells in the hydrogen-electricity energy conversion devices are imported, which is urgent to complete the domestic substitution. Inorganic nonmetallic materials feature a high chemical/electrochemical stability, high strength, and high-temperature resistance. This review represented research progress and highlights in catalysts/supports, ion exchange membranes, carbon-based diffusion layers, graphite bipolar plates, and hydrogen-electricity energy conversion devices. In addition, some problems in the development of novel materials for hydrogen/electric energy conversion were also given, and the future research directions were prospected.