Author Affiliations
1Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, Yunnan , China2Key Laboratory of Space Object and Debris Observation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu , Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Daytime laser ranging residual of Galileo 204 (20000 km) satellite
Fig. 2. Analyzing results of the Gallileo204 satellite daylight laser ranging data. (a) Noise statistics every 5 s; (b) SNR value every 5 s
Fig. 3. Returned photoelectron number estimation of ranging system
Fig. 4. Lengthening detector’s detecting time
Fig. 5. Gate signal of single photon detector
Fig. 6. Single photon detector daytime background noise count and response. (a) Noise statistics every 5 s; (b) gate signal width is about 27 µs
Fig. 7. CMOS camera and its spectral response
Fig. 8. Daytime images of stellar. (a) HIP_75097; (b) HIP_69373
Fig. 9. Daytime images of space debris. (a) 03598; (b) 06155
Fig. 10. Daytime ranging results of space debris 26474
Fig. 11. Daytime ranging results of different space debris
Fig. 12. Analyzing results of the 20453 rocket body daylight laser ranging data. (a) Noise statistics every 5 s; (b) SNR value every 5 s
Parameter name | Value |
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Photosensitive area diameter /μm | 500 | Quantum efficiency(@532 nm)/% | >60 | Dark count(@1 kHz,10 μs window) | 15 | Recovery time /ns | 50 | Time jitter /ps | 160 |
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Table 1. Main parameters of the detector
Parameter name | Value |
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Photosensitive area /(mm×mm) | 13.2×13.2 | Detecting efficiency(@500~600 nm)/% | >78 | Number of pixel /(pixel×pixel) | 2048×2048 | Dark current(@-10 °C,-20 °C &-30 °C)/(pixel-1·s-1) | 0.06l,0.02,0.006 | Exposure time /s | 0.001‒10 | Reading speed /(frame·s-1) | 30‒100 |
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Table 2. Main parameters of the camera
Local time | Stellar code | (A,E)of the stellar /(°) | (A,E) of the sun /(°) | Exposure time /ms | Magnitude | Visible |
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10:19:31 | HIP_7999 | (120.71,41.85) | (100.86,48.03) | 1000 | 4.98 | No | 15:18:31 | HIP_117718 | (277.86,32.06) | (252.75,56.14) | 1000 | 5.06 | Yes | 15:26:10 | HIP_15890 | (352.53,49.71) | (254.13,54.64) | 1000 | 5.15 | Yes | 15:30:09 | HIP_37300 | (88.32,41.99) | (254.89,53.76) | 1000 | 5.04 | Yes | 15:41:47 | HIP_19777 | (185.14,54.65) | (256.93,51.25) | 1000 | 4.87 | Yes |
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Table 3. Stellar daytime imaging data
Date(local time) | Type/code | Sunrise(local time) | Sunset(local time) | Phase angle /(°) | Perigee /km | Apogee /km | RCS /㎡ |
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2020.11.13 (10:38:04) | ROCKET BODY/26474 | 07:23:55 | - | 168.15 | 540 | 618 | 15.67 | 2020.11.23 (07:31:17) | ROCKET BODY/28932 | 07:30:57 | - | 67.09 | 528 | 653 | 16.13 | 2020.11.24 (08:33:40) | ROCKET BODY/28480 | 07:31:40 | - | 105.80 | 703 | 909 | 10.77 | 2020.11.27 (07:42:07) | ENVISAT/27386 | 07:33:49 | - | 67.80 | 764 | 766 | 17.61 | 2021.04.21 (17:20:39) | TOPEX/22076 | - | 19:33:49 | 86.95 | 1331 | 1343 | 8.59 | 2021.04.22 (07:14:14) | ENVISAT/27386 | 06:40:02 | - | 41.06 | 764 | 766 | 17.61 | 2021.04.22 (07:46:33) | ROCKET BODY/06155 | 06:40:02 | - | 139.99 | 629 | 683 | 13.16 | 2021.04.22 (18:55:02) | ROCKET BODY/25861 | - | 19:34:17 | 94.33 | 622 | 645 | 13.61 | 2021.04.22 (19:16:07) | ROCKET BODY/38341 | - | 19:34:17 | 104.17 | 577 | 655 | 18.50 | 2021.04.22 (19:26:12) | ROCKET BODY/28738 | - | 19:34:17 | 102.79 | 520 | 538 | 12.75 | 2021.04.22 (19:32:00) | ROCKET BODY/28480 | - | 19:34:17 | 98.01 | 703 | 909 | 10.77 | 2021.05.04 (06:51:13) | ROCKET BODY/20453 | 06:30:47 | - | 123.03 | 415 | 803 | 9.86 |
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Table 4. Experimental data of space debris laser ranging in daytime