In order to more effectively seize new resources, various countries are committed to space exploration such as aviation, aerospace and ocean to occupy the most advantageous position. The optoelectronic system plays a decisive role in this process. For the core component photodetector, the basic structure and characteristics of new detector materials such as quantum dots, graphene, transition metal sulfides and black phosphorus are introduced. Their development status is described, and future development directions and application fields are predicted.