Experimental Study of Perfectly Patterned Silica-Titania Optical Waveguide

Rimlee DEB ROY; Devika SIL; Sunirmal JANA; Prasanta Kumar BISWAS; Shyamal Kumar BHADRA

doi:10.1007/s13320-011-0035-2

[1] W. Que, Y. Zhou, Y. L. Lam, Y. C. Chan, H. T. Tan, T. H. Tan, and C. H. Kam, “Sol-gel processed silica/titania/. -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane composite materials for photonics applications,” J. Electron. Mater., vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1052–1058, 2000.

[2] M. Yoshida and P. N. Prasad, “Sol-gel-processed SiO2/TiO2/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) composite materials for optical waveguides,” Chem. Mater., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 235–41, 1996.

[3] A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics. UK: Cambridge University Press (reprinted in 2003), 1989, Chapters 11 and 14.

[4] C. J. Brinker and A. J. Hurd, “Fundamentals of sol-gel dip-coating,” Journal de Physique III, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1231–1242, 1994.

[5] R. Waldhausl, B. Schnabe, P. Dannberg, E. B. Kley, A. Brauer, and W. Karthe, “Efficient coupling into polymer waveguides by gratings,” Appl. Opt., vol. 36, no. 36, pp. 9383–9390, 1997.

[6] W. Que and X. Hu, “Optical and mechanical properties of sol-gel silica-titania hard optical coatings derived from methyltrimethoxysilane and tetrapropylorthotitanate as precursors,” Opt. Mater., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31–37, 2003.

[7] R. Mizutani, Y. Oono, J. Matsuoka, H. Nasu, and K. Kamiya, “Coating of polymethylmethacrylate with transparent SiO2 thin films by a sol-gel method,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 29, no. 21, pp. 5773–5778, 1994.

[8] A. Lukowiak, R. Dylewicz, S. Patela, W. Strek, and K. Maruszewski, “Optical properties of SiO2-TiO2 thin film waveguides obtained by the sol-gel method and their applications for sensing purposes,” Opt. Mat., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1501–1505, 2005.

[9] E. Hild, “Planar wave guides as chemical and biological sensors,” accessed September 2009: http://www.microvacuum.com/pdf/products/biosensor /theory.pdf.

[10] X. Yu, Z. Wang, R. Xing, S. Luan, and Y. Han, “Solvent assisted capillary force lithography,” Polymer, vol. 46, no. 24, pp. 11099–11103, 2005.

[11] H. Sirringhaus, N. Tessler, and R. H. Friend, “Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers,” Science, vol. 280, no. 5370, pp. 1741–1744, 1998.

[12] N. Tessler, N. T. Harrison, and R. H. Friend, “High peak brightness polymer light-emitting diodes,” Adv. Mater., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 64–68, 1998.

[13] Y. Xia and G. M. Whitesides, “Soft lithography,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 153–184, 1998.

[14] K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, “Sensitivity of grating couplers as integrated-optical chemical sensors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 209–220, 1989.

[15] K. Y. Suh and H. H. Lee, “Capillary force lithography: large-area patterning, self-organization and anisotropic dewetting,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 12, no. 6+7, pp. 405–413, 2002.

[16] D. Y. Khang and H. H. Lee, “Pressure-assisted capillary force lithography,” Adv. Mater., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 176–179, 2004.

[17] W. Lukosz and K. Tiefenthaler, “Embossing technique for fabricating integrated optical components in hard inorganic waveguiding materials,” Optics Lett., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 537–539, 1983.

[18] K. Heuberger and W. Lukosz, “Embossing technique for fabricating surface relief gratings on hard waveguides,” Appl. Opt., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1499–1504, 1986.

[19] K. Tiefenthaler and W. Lukosz, “Integrated optical switches and gas sensors,” Optics Lett., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 137–139, 1984.

[20] R. E. Kunz, J. Dubendorfer, and R. H. Morf, “Finite grating depth effects for integrated optical sensors with high sensitivity,” Bios. Bioelectron., vol. 11, no. 6/7, pp. 653–667, 1996.

[21] R. E. Kunz, “Gradient effective index waveguide sensors,” Sensors. Actuators B, vol. 11, no. 1–3, pp. 167–176, 1993.

[22] M. Montagna, E. Moser, F. Visintainer, M. Ferrari, L. Zampedri, A. Martucci, M. Guglielmi, and M. Ivanda, “Nucleation of titania nanocrystals in silica titania waveguides,” J. Sol. Gel. Sci. Tech., vol. 26, no. 1–3, pp. 241–244, 2003.

[23] P. K. Biswas, D. Kundu, and D. Ganguli, “A sol-gel derived antireflective coating on optical glass for near-infrared applications,” J. Mat. Sci. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 1436–1437, 1989.

[24] A. K. Atta, P. K. Biswas, and D. Ganguli, “A sol-gel derived yellow-transmitting coating on glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 202–207, 1990.

[25] G. Brusatin, M. Guglielmi, P. Innocenzi, A. Martucci, G. Battaglin, S. Pelli, and G. Righini, “Microstructural and optical properties of sol-gel silica-titania waveguides,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, vol. 220, no. 2–3, pp. 202–209, 1997.

[26] O. Martins and R. M. Almeida, “Sintering anomaly in silica-titania sol-gel films,” J. Sol. Gel. Sci. Tech., vol. 19, no. 1–3, pp. 651–655, 2000.

[27] I. Szendro, “Art and practice to emboss gratings into sol-gel waveguides,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 4284, pp. 80–87, 2001.

[28] M. Gonuguntla, A. Sharma, R. Mukherjee, and S. A. Subramaniam, “Control of self-organized contact instability and patterning in soft elastic films,” Langmuir, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 7066–7071, 2006.

[29] K. Schrijnemakers and E. F. Vansant, “Preparation of titanium oxide supported MCM-48 by the designed dispersion of titanylacetylacetone,” J. Porous Mater., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 83–90, 2001.

[30] S. Jana, M. A. Lim, I. C. Baek, C. H. Kim, and S. II Seok, “Non-hydrolytic sol-gel synthesis of epoxysilane-based inorganic hybrid,” Mat Chem Phys., vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 1008–1014, 2008.

[31] D. Akram, S. Ahmad, E. Sharmin, and S. Ahmad, “Silica reinforced organic-inorganic hybrid polyurethane nanocomposites from sustainable resource,” Macromol. Chem. Phys., vol. 211, no. 4, pp. 412–419, 2010.

[32] P. Cheng, M. P. Zheng, Y. P. Jin, Q. Huang, and M. Y. Gu, “Preparation and characterization of silica-doped titania photocatalyst through sol-gel method,” Mater. Lett., vol. 57, no. 20, pp. 2989–2994, 2003.