• Acta Optica Sinica
  • Vol. 43, Issue 8, 0822009 (2023)
Xuejun Zhang1,2,*
Author Affiliations
  • 1Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, Jilin , China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • show less
    DOI: 10.3788/AOS221907 Cite this Article Set citation alerts
    Xuejun Zhang. Progress on Space Optics Manufacturing: From Aspheres to Freeforms[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(8): 0822009 Copy Citation Text show less
    Performance comparison between SiC ceramic and other mirror materials
    Fig. 1. Performance comparison between SiC ceramic and other mirror materials
    Applications of SiC mirrors in space optical systems. (a) Herschel telescope[3]; (b) ALADIN telescope[4]; (c) Gaia telescope[5]; (d) EO-1[6]
    Fig. 2. Applications of SiC mirrors in space optical systems. (a) Herschel telescope[3]; (b) ALADIN telescope[4]; (c) Gaia telescope[5]; (d) EO-1[6]
    Development process of large aperture SiC mirrors in CIOMP[7]
    Fig. 3. Development process of large aperture SiC mirrors in CIOMP[7]
    Application comparison of ULE lightweight mirrors and SiC mirrors[8]. (a) Hubble space telescope primary mirror; (b) CSST primary mirror; (c) ultra-lightweight SiC mirror
    Fig. 4. Application comparison of ULE lightweight mirrors and SiC mirrors[8]. (a) Hubble space telescope primary mirror; (b) CSST primary mirror; (c) ultra-lightweight SiC mirror
    RC optical system structure and the relationship between the ratio of tube length to focal length and aberration coefficient. (a) RC optical system structure; (b) RC system tube length to focal length ratio and aberration coefficient curve
    Fig. 5. RC optical system structure and the relationship between the ratio of tube length to focal length and aberration coefficient. (a) RC optical system structure; (b) RC system tube length to focal length ratio and aberration coefficient curve
    Optical layout of Korsch TMA system[10]
    Fig. 6. Optical layout of Korsch TMA system[10]
    Effect of central obscuration on point spread function of optical system
    Fig. 7. Effect of central obscuration on point spread function of optical system
    Designed structures based on off-axis TMA. (a) Off-axis TMA with first image plane; (b) off-axis TMA without first image plane
    Fig. 8. Designed structures based on off-axis TMA. (a) Off-axis TMA with first image plane; (b) off-axis TMA without first image plane
    Optical structure of high resolution camera for Mars exploration in China and comparison with similar foreign cameras
    Fig. 9. Optical structure of high resolution camera for Mars exploration in China and comparison with similar foreign cameras
    Optical structure of Chinese space station telescope
    Fig. 10. Optical structure of Chinese space station telescope
    Optical structure of GF-6 camera
    Fig. 11. Optical structure of GF-6 camera
    Development trend of normalized frequency of space optical system
    Fig. 12. Development trend of normalized frequency of space optical system
    Sampling of optical system
    Fig. 13. Sampling of optical system
    Large aspheric mirror manufacturing equipment of Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences[19]
    Fig. 14. Large aspheric mirror manufacturing equipment of Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences[19]
    KDMRF polishing machine developed by National University of Defense Technology[20]
    Fig. 15. KDMRF polishing machine developed by National University of Defense Technology[20]
    CIOMP 4 m large-aperture complex curved surface full-link integrated manufacturing system[7]. (a) Mirror blank preparation system; (b) aspheric processing system; (c) aspheric measurement system; (d) aspheric coating system
    Fig. 16. CIOMP 4 m large-aperture complex curved surface full-link integrated manufacturing system[7]. (a) Mirror blank preparation system; (b) aspheric processing system; (c) aspheric measurement system; (d) aspheric coating system
    Traditional technical process route based on small tool polishing
    Fig. 17. Traditional technical process route based on small tool polishing
    Combined process route based on CCOS + MRF + IBF
    Fig. 18. Combined process route based on CCOS + MRF + IBF
    Processing results of 1.5 m off-axis parabolic mirror[21]
    Fig. 19. Processing results of 1.5 m off-axis parabolic mirror[21]
    Processing time of each process of 1.5 m off-axis parabolic mirror[21]
    Fig. 20. Processing time of each process of 1.5 m off-axis parabolic mirror[21]
    Comparison of imaging results before and after COSTAR installation of Hubble space telescope[24]
    Fig. 21. Comparison of imaging results before and after COSTAR installation of Hubble space telescope[24]
    Sub-aperture planning and measurement results using sub-aperture stitching method[25]
    Fig. 22. Sub-aperture planning and measurement results using sub-aperture stitching method[25]
    Residual distribution of the comparison between two methods[25]. (a) Full aperture measurement results after splicing; (b) refractive compensator measurement results; (c) residuals of the two measurement results
    Fig. 23. Residual distribution of the comparison between two methods[25]. (a) Full aperture measurement results after splicing; (b) refractive compensator measurement results; (c) residuals of the two measurement results
    Measurement results of refractive compensator[26]. (a) Measurement results of refractive compensator; (b) measurement results of computer-generated holography
    Fig. 24. Measurement results of refractive compensator[26]. (a) Measurement results of refractive compensator; (b) measurement results of computer-generated holography
    Common reference alignment scheme for primary and tertiary mirrors of off-axis three-mirror system by CGH[27]
    Fig. 25. Common reference alignment scheme for primary and tertiary mirrors of off-axis three-mirror system by CGH[27]
    Scene photo and interferograms of primary and tertiary mirrors common reference assembly[27]
    Fig. 26. Scene photo and interferograms of primary and tertiary mirrors common reference assembly[27]
    Principle of interference test and distribution of diffraction area[28]
    Fig. 27. Principle of interference test and distribution of diffraction area[28]
    Surface measurement results of the second and fourth mirrors[28]
    Fig. 28. Surface measurement results of the second and fourth mirrors[28]
    Consistency verification results of optical facility primary mirror
    Fig. 29. Consistency verification results of optical facility primary mirror
    Mechanical arm optical processing equipment of CIOMP[29]. (a)(b) Mechanical arm CCOS equipment; (c)(d) mechanical arm MRF polishing equipment
    Fig. 30. Mechanical arm optical processing equipment of CIOMP[29]. (a)(b) Mechanical arm CCOS equipment; (c)(d) mechanical arm MRF polishing equipment
    MaterialDensity ρ /(g·cm-3Elastic modulus E /GPaPoisson ratio μLinear expansion coefficient α /(10-6 K-1Thermal conductivity λ /(W·kg-1·K-1

    Heat capacity C /

    (J·kg-1·K-1

    Ratio

    stiffness /

    (106 m2·s-2

    Fused silica2.19720.170.51.4075032.9
    ULE2.21670.170.031.3176630.3
    Glass-ceramics2.53910.240.051.6482136.0
    Al12.70680.3322.516789625.2
    Be1.852870.0411.42161925155.1
    Si2.331310.422.613771056.2
    SiC23.063500.212.5185500114.4
    Table 1. Basic properties and specific stiffness of common reflector materials
    VendorSize capabilityHeritage exampleOther capability/Comment
    Brasbear(L-3)8.3 mPolished 8.3 m Subaru ULE. 1.45 m Kepler ULEMRF polishing capability being added
    Goodrich4 m 5-axis ArbogasPolished HST 2.4 m ULE. Chandra 1.2 m diax 0.8 m Zerodur
    ITT3 m 5-axis CNC machine.2.5 m off-axis generation machiningPolished HST 2.4 m ULE back-up mirrorIon figuring capability
    Opteon>3.5 mPolished Herschel 3.5 m mirror
    Rayleigh Optical2.5 m
    REOSC19(Sagem)10 m capacityPolisher NMSD 1.5 m Zerodur. GTC 1.8 m Zerodur. SOFIA 2.9 m Zerodur. six 8 m(Gemini ULE,VLT Zerodur)Ion figuring capability up to 2.5 m
    SESO1.4 m2.5 m capacity in-process
    Tinsley SSG(L-3)1.6 mPolishing 1.5 m JWST segments
    University of Arizona8.4 mNMSD 2.0 m borosilicate. 6.5 m to 8 m ground telescopes
    Xinetics2 mCapability for polishing SiC
    Table 2. Main research and development institution and their manufacturing capabilities of large-aperture aspheric mirrors in the world