Raman Spectroscopy (RS), which is based on the inelastic scattering of photons, could be utilized as an analytical tool with the advantages of fast, real-time, and non-intrusive. Nowadays, RS is widely used in various research fields. This spectroscopic technique can provide the chemical composition information of cells and tissues, and detect the differences in the diseased cells and tissues. Thus, RS has a great application prospect in the field of medical laboratory science. This article summarizes variety RS techniques that might be used in the medical laboratory. Key problems in the application of RS on biological fluid samples are summed up. For biological fluid samples, the applicability of RS on blood samples, urine samples and cerebrospinal fluid samples are evaluated. The collection and preservation methods of samples for RS analysis are also summarized. Meanwhile, generalizes the processing and analysis methods of RS data. Through spectral preprocessing, statistical methods and machine learning, the relative features could be extracted and the classification recognition could be carried out. In that case, the mapping of RS could be realized and biochemical information could be collected. At last, the difficulties of RS in the application of medical laboratory and diagnosis are discussed. The problems and development prospects in clinical transformation are highlighted.