Author Affiliations
1Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things & Network Control, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China2Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Communication Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Indoor positioning fingerprint map
Fig. 2. Diagram of HMM
Fig. 3. Diagram of candidate set of user maximum speed limit
Fig. 4. Schematic diagrams of Viterbi algorithm based on user maximum speed. (a) Traditional Viterbi algorithm; (b) improved Viterbi algorithm
Fig. 5. Flow chart of fusion positioning algorithm
Fig. 6. Fingerprint map of indoor parking lot
Fig. 7. Experimental trajectory of indoor parking lot
Fig. 8. Cumulative error distribution function
Fig. 9. Positioning track maps of four contrast algorithms. (a) Kalman filter based VLC and PDR fusion location trajectory map; (b) visible light fingerprint positioning trajectory; (c) traditional HMM VLC positioning trajectory; (d) inertial navigation positioning trajectory
Fig. 10. CDF of positioning error of compared algorithms
Fig. 11. Location error graph corresponding to different numbers of candidate nodes
Symbol | Parameter | Value |
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| Room size /m2 | 2500 | | Receiving height /m | 1 | | LED height /m | 4 | | Number of LEDs in each lamp | 26 | | Transmitted power of lamp /W | 5-10 | | Gain of optical filter | 1 | | Gain of optical concentrator | 1 | | Field-of-view /(°) | 55 | | Physical area of photo-detector /cm2 | 1 | | Number of nodes | 162 | | Maximum speed /(m·s-1) | 5 |
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Table 1. Simulation parameters
Number of experiments | Forecast numberof nodes | Accuracy of nodeprediction /% | Maximumerror /m | Minimumerror /m | Averageerror /m | Root meansquare error /m |
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10 | 3000 | 82 | 5.1 | 0.6 | 3.85 | 4.42 | 20 | 6000 | 85 | 5.4 | 0.3 | 3.47 | 3.95 | 30 | 9000 | 84 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 3.56 | 4.17 |
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Table 2. Positioning error statistics
Positioningmethod | Maximumerror /m | Minimumerror /m | Averageerror /m | Root meansquare error /m | Medianerror /m |
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VLCFM[9] | 7.3 | 0.10 | 4.61 | 5.10 | 4.22 | VLC-HMM | 7.4 | 0.30 | 5.52 | 6.13 | 5.04 | INPM[10] | 9.6 | 0.05 | 6.62 | 7.14 | 5.56 | KF VLC-IN[11] | 6.5 | 0.60 | 4.27 | 4.85 | 3.74 | Proposed method | 5.5 | 0.20 | 3.35 | 3.88 | 2.92 |
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Table 3. Positioning error statistics of compared algorithms