To measure the far-field temporal and spatial distribution of laser intensity by using the calorimetric method, the reconstruction theory of incident laser intensity temporal and spatial distribution by calorimeter based target surface temperature inversion is studied. The reconstructing formula to inverse laser beam temporal and spatial distribution with target surface temperature distribution is derived, for different back surface boundary conditions, convection-irradiation heat current boundary and constant temperature boundary. The achieved expression is of extensive application for general materials. A generalized parameter F0=α/L2 is introduced, and the reconstructing formula is cataloged for F01 and F01 respectively. The above inversion algorithm is numerically simulated for F1. The numerical results show that the retrieved laser beam intensity distribution agrees well with the initial laser beam, and there exists a retrieving-time origin τ0 related to Fourier number of targets. The theoretical result can be applied to the development of high-intensity laser far-field parameters measurement system.