[1] Vedachalam N, Ramesh R, Jyothi V B N, et al. Autonomous underwater vehicles-challenging developments and technologi-cal maturity towards strategic swarm robotics systems[J]. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2019, 37(5): 525–538.
Vedachalam N, Ramesh R, Jyothi V B N, et al. Autonomous underwater vehicles-challenging developments and technologi-cal maturity towards strategic swarm robotics systems[J]. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2019, 37(5): 525–538.
[2] Saeed N, Celik A, Al-Naffouri T Y, et al. Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: a sur-vey[J]. Ad Hoc Networks, 2019, 94: 101935.
Saeed N, Celik A, Al-Naffouri T Y, et al. Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: a sur-vey[J]. Ad Hoc Networks, 2019, 94: 101935.
[3] Stojanovic M, Preisig J. Underwater acoustic communication channels: propagation models and statistical characterization[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2009, 47(1): 84–89.
Stojanovic M, Preisig J. Underwater acoustic communication channels: propagation models and statistical characterization[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2009, 47(1): 84–89.
[4] Au W W, Nachtigall P E, Pawloski J L. Acoustic effects of the ATOC signal (75 Hz, 195 dB) on dolphins and whales[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1997, 101(5): 2973–2977.
Au W W, Nachtigall P E, Pawloski J L. Acoustic effects of the ATOC signal (75 Hz, 195 dB) on dolphins and whales[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1997, 101(5): 2973–2977.
[5] Zeng Z Q, Fu S, Zhang H H, et al. A survey of underwater optical wireless communications[J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2017, 19(1): 204–238.
Zeng Z Q, Fu S, Zhang H H, et al. A survey of underwater optical wireless communications[J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2017, 19(1): 204–238.
[6] Strand M P. Imaging model for underwater range-gated imaging systems[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 1991, 1537: 151–160.
Strand M P. Imaging model for underwater range-gated imaging systems[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 1991, 1537: 151–160.
[7] Tang S J, Dong Y H, Zhang X D. Impulse response modeling for underwater wireless optical communication links[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2014, 62(1): 226–234.
Tang S J, Dong Y H, Zhang X D. Impulse response modeling for underwater wireless optical communication links[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2014, 62(1): 226–234.
[8] Karp S. Optical communications between underwater and above surface (Satellite) terminals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Commu-nications, 1976, 24(1): 66–81.
Karp S. Optical communications between underwater and above surface (Satellite) terminals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Commu-nications, 1976, 24(1): 66–81.
[9] Longacre J R, Freeman D E, Snow J B. High-data-rate under-water laser communications[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 1990, 1302: 433–439.
Longacre J R, Freeman D E, Snow J B. High-data-rate under-water laser communications[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 1990, 1302: 433–439.
[10] Snow J B, Flatley J P, Freeman D E, et al. Underwater propaga-tion of high-data-rate laser communications pulses[J]. Proceed-ings of SPIE, 1992, 1750: 419–427.
Snow J B, Flatley J P, Freeman D E, et al. Underwater propaga-tion of high-data-rate laser communications pulses[J]. Proceed-ings of SPIE, 1992, 1750: 419–427.
[11] Hanson F, Radic S. High bandwidth underwater optical commu-nication[J]. Applied Optics, 2008, 47(2): 277–283.
Hanson F, Radic S. High bandwidth underwater optical commu-nication[J]. Applied Optics, 2008, 47(2): 277–283.
[12] Lu D L, Kan J J, Fullerton E E, et al. Enhancing spontaneous emission rates of molecules using nanopatterned multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2014, 9(1): 48–53.
Lu D L, Kan J J, Fullerton E E, et al. Enhancing spontaneous emission rates of molecules using nanopatterned multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2014, 9(1): 48–53.
[13] Shen C, Guo Y J, Oubei H M, et al. 20-meter underwater wire-less optical communication link with 1.5 Gbps data rate[J]. Op-tics Express, 2016, 24(22): 25502–25509.
Shen C, Guo Y J, Oubei H M, et al. 20-meter underwater wire-less optical communication link with 1.5 Gbps data rate[J]. Op-tics Express, 2016, 24(22): 25502–25509.
[14] Xu J, Song Y H, Yu X Y, et al. Underwater wireless transmission of high-speed QAM-OFDM signals using a compact red-light laser[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(8): 8097–8109.
Xu J, Song Y H, Yu X Y, et al. Underwater wireless transmission of high-speed QAM-OFDM signals using a compact red-light laser[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(8): 8097–8109.
[15] Lu H H, Li C Y, Lin H H, et al. An 8 m/9.6 Gbps underwater wireless optical communication system[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2016, 8(5): 7906107.
Lu H H, Li C Y, Lin H H, et al. An 8 m/9.6 Gbps underwater wireless optical communication system[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2016, 8(5): 7906107.
[16] Kong M W, LvWC, Ali T, et al. 10-m 9.51-Gb/s RGB laser dio-des-based WDM underwater wireless optical communication[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(17): 20829–20834.
Kong M W, LvWC, Ali T, et al. 10-m 9.51-Gb/s RGB laser dio-des-based WDM underwater wireless optical communication[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(17): 20829–20834.
[17] Huang Y F, Tsai C T, Chi Y C, et al. Filtered multicarrier OFDM encoding on blue laser diode for 14.8-Gbps seawater transmis-sion[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 36(9): 1739–1745.
Huang Y F, Tsai C T, Chi Y C, et al. Filtered multicarrier OFDM encoding on blue laser diode for 14.8-Gbps seawater transmis-sion[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 36(9): 1739–1745.
[18] Li C Y, Lu H H, Tsai W S, et al. 16 Gb/s PAM4 UWOC system based on 488-nm LD with light injection and optoelectronic feedback techniques[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(10): 11598–11605.
Li C Y, Lu H H, Tsai W S, et al. 16 Gb/s PAM4 UWOC system based on 488-nm LD with light injection and optoelectronic feedback techniques[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(10): 11598–11605.
[19] Liu X Y, Yi S Y, Zhou X L, et al. 34.5 m underwater optical wire-less communication with 2.70 Gbps data rate based on a green laser diode with NRZ-OOK modulation[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(22): 27937–27947.
Liu X Y, Yi S Y, Zhou X L, et al. 34.5 m underwater optical wire-less communication with 2.70 Gbps data rate based on a green laser diode with NRZ-OOK modulation[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(22): 27937–27947.
[20] Fei C, Hong X J, Zhang G W, et al. 16.6 Gbps data rate for underwater wireless optical transmission with single laser diode achieved with discrete multi-tone and post nonlinear equaliza-tion[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(26): 34060–34069.
Fei C, Hong X J, Zhang G W, et al. 16.6 Gbps data rate for underwater wireless optical transmission with single laser diode achieved with discrete multi-tone and post nonlinear equaliza-tion[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(26): 34060–34069.
[21] Fei C, Zhang J W, Zhang G W, et al. Demonstration of 15-M 7.33-Gb/s 450-nm underwater wireless optical discrete multitone transmission using post nonlinear equalization[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 36(3): 728–734.
Fei C, Zhang J W, Zhang G W, et al. Demonstration of 15-M 7.33-Gb/s 450-nm underwater wireless optical discrete multitone transmission using post nonlinear equalization[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 36(3): 728–734.
[22] Hong X J, Fei C, Zhang G W, et al. Discrete multitone transmis-sion for underwater optical wireless communication system us-ing probabilistic constellation shaping to approach channel ca-pacity limit[J]. Optics Letters, 2019, 44(3): 558–561.
Hong X J, Fei C, Zhang G W, et al. Discrete multitone transmis-sion for underwater optical wireless communication system us-ing probabilistic constellation shaping to approach channel ca-pacity limit[J]. Optics Letters, 2019, 44(3): 558–561.
[23] Lu C H, Wang J M, Li S B, et al. 60m/2.5Gbps underwater opti-cal wireless communication with NRZ-OOK modulation and dig-ital nonlinear equalization[C]//Proceedings of 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San Jose, CA, USA, 2019: 1–2.
Lu C H, Wang J M, Li S B, et al. 60m/2.5Gbps underwater opti-cal wireless communication with NRZ-OOK modulation and dig-ital nonlinear equalization[C]//Proceedings of 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San Jose, CA, USA, 2019: 1–2.
[24] WangJ M, Lu C H, Li S B, et al. 100 m/500 Mbps underwater optical wireless communication using an NRZ-OOK modulated 520 nm laser diode[J]. Optics Express, 2019, 27(9): 12171–12181.
WangJ M, Lu C H, Li S B, et al. 100 m/500 Mbps underwater optical wireless communication using an NRZ-OOK modulated 520 nm laser diode[J]. Optics Express, 2019, 27(9): 12171–12181.
[25] Bluecomm 100-wireless underwater optical communica-tion[EB/OL]. https://www.sonardyne.com/product/bluecomm-underwater-optical-communication-system/.
Bluecomm 100-wireless underwater optical communica-tion[EB/OL]. https://www.sonardyne.com/product/bluecomm-underwater-optical-communication-system/.
[26] Baykal Y. Scintillations of LED sources in oceanic turbulence[J]. Applied Optics, 2016, 55(31): 8860–8863.
Baykal Y. Scintillations of LED sources in oceanic turbulence[J]. Applied Optics, 2016, 55(31): 8860–8863.
[27] Shi J Y, Zhu X, Wang F M, et al. Net data rate of 14.6 Gbit/s underwater VLC utilizing silicon substrate common-anode five primary colors LED[C]//Proceedings of 2019 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019: 1–3.
Shi J Y, Zhu X, Wang F M, et al. Net data rate of 14.6 Gbit/s underwater VLC utilizing silicon substrate common-anode five primary colors LED[C]//Proceedings of 2019 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019: 1–3.
[28] Wang F M, Liu Y F, Jiang F Y, et al. High speed underwater visible light communication system based on LED employing maximum ratio combination with multi-PIN reception[J]. Optics Communications, 2018, 425: 106–112.
Wang F M, Liu Y F, Jiang F Y, et al. High speed underwater visible light communication system based on LED employing maximum ratio combination with multi-PIN reception[J]. Optics Communications, 2018, 425: 106–112.
[29] Tian P F, Liu X Y, Yi S Y, et al. High-speed underwater optical wireless communication using a blue GaN-based micro-LED[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(2): 1193–1201.
Tian P F, Liu X Y, Yi S Y, et al. High-speed underwater optical wireless communication using a blue GaN-based micro-LED[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(2): 1193–1201.
[30] Xu J, Kong MW, Lin A B, et al. Directly modulated green-light diode-pumped solid-state laser for underwater wireless optical communication[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(9): 1664–1667.
Xu J, Kong MW, Lin A B, et al. Directly modulated green-light diode-pumped solid-state laser for underwater wireless optical communication[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(9): 1664–1667.
[31] Li C Y, Lu H H, TsaiWS, et al. A 5 m/25 Gbps underwater wire-less optical communication system[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2018, 10(3): 7904909.
Li C Y, Lu H H, TsaiWS, et al. A 5 m/25 Gbps underwater wire-less optical communication system[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2018, 10(3): 7904909.
[32] Kong M W, Chen Y F, Sarwar R, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication using an arrayed transmitter/receiver and optical superimposition-based PAM-4 signal[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(3): 3087–3097.
Kong M W, Chen Y F, Sarwar R, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication using an arrayed transmitter/receiver and optical superimposition-based PAM-4 signal[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(3): 3087–3097.
[33] Zhuang B, Li C, Wu N, et al. First demonstration of 400Mb/s PAM4 signal transmission over 10-meter underwater channel using a blue LED and a digital linear pre-equalizer[C]//Proceedings of 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San Jose, CA, USA, 2017: 1–2.
Zhuang B, Li C, Wu N, et al. First demonstration of 400Mb/s PAM4 signal transmission over 10-meter underwater channel using a blue LED and a digital linear pre-equalizer[C]//Proceedings of 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San Jose, CA, USA, 2017: 1–2.
[34] Sui M H, Zhou Z G. The modified PPM modulation for underwa-ter wireless optical communication[C]//Proceedings of 2009 In-ternational Conference on Communication Software and Net-works, Macau, China, 2009: 173–177.
Sui M H, Zhou Z G. The modified PPM modulation for underwa-ter wireless optical communication[C]//Proceedings of 2009 In-ternational Conference on Communication Software and Net-works, Macau, China, 2009: 173–177.
[35] Hu S, Mi L, Zhou T H, et al. 35.88 attenuation lengths and 3.32 bits/photon underwater optical wireless communication based on photon-counting receiver with 256-PPM[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(17): 21685–21699.
Hu S, Mi L, Zhou T H, et al. 35.88 attenuation lengths and 3.32 bits/photon underwater optical wireless communication based on photon-counting receiver with 256-PPM[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(17): 21685–21699.
[37] Mi X L, Dong Y H. Polarized digital pulse interval modulation for underwater wireless optical communications[C]//Proceedings of OCEANS 2016 -Shanghai, Shanghai, China, 2016: 1–4.
Mi X L, Dong Y H. Polarized digital pulse interval modulation for underwater wireless optical communications[C]//Proceedings of OCEANS 2016 -Shanghai, Shanghai, China, 2016: 1–4.
[39] Cox W C, Simpson J A, Domizioli C P, et al. An underwater optical communication system implementing Reed-Solomon channel coding[C]//Proceedings of OCEANS 2008, Quebec City, QC, Canada, 2008: 1–6.
Cox W C, Simpson J A, Domizioli C P, et al. An underwater optical communication system implementing Reed-Solomon channel coding[C]//Proceedings of OCEANS 2008, Quebec City, QC, Canada, 2008: 1–6.
[40] Mattoussi F, Khalighi M A, Bourennane S. Improving the per-formance of underwater wireless optical communication links by channel coding[J]. Applied Optics, 2018, 57(9): 2115–2120.
Mattoussi F, Khalighi M A, Bourennane S. Improving the per-formance of underwater wireless optical communication links by channel coding[J]. Applied Optics, 2018, 57(9): 2115–2120.
[41] Campbell J C. Recent advances in telecommunications ava-lanche photodiodes[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2007, 25(1): 109–121.
Campbell J C. Recent advances in telecommunications ava-lanche photodiodes[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2007, 25(1): 109–121.
[42] Cova S, Ghioni M, Lacaita A, et al. Avalanche photodiodes and quenching circuits for single-photon detection[J]. Applied Optics, 1996, 35(12): 1956–1976.
Cova S, Ghioni M, Lacaita A, et al. Avalanche photodiodes and quenching circuits for single-photon detection[J]. Applied Optics, 1996, 35(12): 1956–1976.
[43] Zhang Z J, Zhao Y, Zhang J D, et al. Ranging accuracy im-provement of time-correlated signal-photon counting lidar[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2017, 10605: 106050C.
Zhang Z J, Zhao Y, Zhang J D, et al. Ranging accuracy im-provement of time-correlated signal-photon counting lidar[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 2017, 10605: 106050C.
[44] Li C, Wang B K, Wang P L, et al. Generation and transmission of 745Mb/s ofdm signal using a single commercial blue LED and an analog post-equalizer for underwater optical wireless com-munications[C]//Proceedings of 2016 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, Wuhan, China, 2016: 1–3.
Li C, Wang B K, Wang P L, et al. Generation and transmission of 745Mb/s ofdm signal using a single commercial blue LED and an analog post-equalizer for underwater optical wireless com-munications[C]//Proceedings of 2016 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, Wuhan, China, 2016: 1–3.
[45] Zhang ZY, LaiY J, Lv J L, et al. Over 700 MHz –3 dB bandwidth UOWC system based on blue HV-LED with T-bridge pre-equalizer[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2019, 11(3): 7903812.
Zhang ZY, LaiY J, Lv J L, et al. Over 700 MHz –3 dB bandwidth UOWC system based on blue HV-LED with T-bridge pre-equalizer[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2019, 11(3): 7903812.
[46] Ren Y X, Li L, Wang Z, et al. Orbital angular momentum-based space division multiplexing for high-capacity underwater optical communications[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 33306.
Ren Y X, Li L, Wang Z, et al. Orbital angular momentum-based space division multiplexing for high-capacity underwater optical communications[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 33306.
[47] Mobley C D. Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1994.
Mobley C D. Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1994.
[48] Petzold T J. Volume Scattering Functions for Selected Ocean Waters[M]. San Diego: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1972.
Petzold T J. Volume Scattering Functions for Selected Ocean Waters[M]. San Diego: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1972.
[49] Cochenour B M, Mullen L J, Laux A E. Characterization of the beam-spread function for underwater wireless optical commu-nications links[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2008, 33(4): 513–521.
Cochenour B M, Mullen L J, Laux A E. Characterization of the beam-spread function for underwater wireless optical commu-nications links[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2008, 33(4): 513–521.
[50] Jaruwatanadilok S. Underwater wireless optical communication channel modeling and performance evaluation using vector ra-diative transfer theory[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communications, 2008, 26(9): 1620–1627.
Jaruwatanadilok S. Underwater wireless optical communication channel modeling and performance evaluation using vector ra-diative transfer theory[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communications, 2008, 26(9): 1620–1627.
[51] Gabriel C, Khalighi M A, Bourennane S, et al. Monte-carlo-based channel characterization for underwater optical communication systems[J]. IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 2013, 5(1): 1–12.
Gabriel C, Khalighi M A, Bourennane S, et al. Monte-carlo-based channel characterization for underwater optical communication systems[J]. IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 2013, 5(1): 1–12.
[52] Haltrin V I. One-parameter two-term Henyey-Greenstein phase function for light scattering in seawater[J]. Applied Optics, 2002, 41(6): 1022–1028.
Haltrin V I. One-parameter two-term Henyey-Greenstein phase function for light scattering in seawater[J]. Applied Optics, 2002, 41(6): 1022–1028.
[53] Sahu S K, Shanmugam P. Semi-analytical modeling and para-meterization of particulates-in-water phase function for forward angles[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(17): 22291–22307.
Sahu S K, Shanmugam P. Semi-analytical modeling and para-meterization of particulates-in-water phase function for forward angles[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(17): 22291–22307.
[54] Sahu S K, Shanmugam P. A theoretical study on the impact of particle scattering on the channel characteristics of underwater optical communication system[J]. Optics Communications, 2018, 408: 3–14.
Sahu S K, Shanmugam P. A theoretical study on the impact of particle scattering on the channel characteristics of underwater optical communication system[J]. Optics Communications, 2018, 408: 3–14.
[55] Vali Z, Gholami A, Ghassemlooy Z, et al. Experimental study of the turbulence effect on underwater optical wireless communi-cations[J]. Applied Optics, 2018, 57(28): 8314–8319.
Vali Z, Gholami A, Ghassemlooy Z, et al. Experimental study of the turbulence effect on underwater optical wireless communi-cations[J]. Applied Optics, 2018, 57(28): 8314–8319.
[56] Ooi B S, Sun X B, Alkhazragi O, et al. Visible diode lasers for high bitrate underwater wireless optical communica-tions[C]//Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Confe-rence 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019.
Ooi B S, Sun X B, Alkhazragi O, et al. Visible diode lasers for high bitrate underwater wireless optical communica-tions[C]//Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Confe-rence 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019.
[57] Yi X, Li Z, Liu Z J. Underwater optical communication perfor-mance for laser beam propagation through weak oceanic tur-bulence[J]. Applied Optics, 2015, 54(6): 1273–1278.
Yi X, Li Z, Liu Z J. Underwater optical communication perfor-mance for laser beam propagation through weak oceanic tur-bulence[J]. Applied Optics, 2015, 54(6): 1273–1278.
[58] Oubei H M, Zedini E, ElAfandy R T, et al. Efficient weibull channel model for salinity induced turbulent underwater wireless optical communications[C]//Proceedings of 2017 Op-to-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and Photonics Global Conference, Singapore, Singapore, 2017: 1–2.
Oubei H M, Zedini E, ElAfandy R T, et al. Efficient weibull channel model for salinity induced turbulent underwater wireless optical communications[C]//Proceedings of 2017 Op-to-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and Photonics Global Conference, Singapore, Singapore, 2017: 1–2.
[59] Oubei H M, Zedini E, ElAfandy R T, et al. Simple statistical channel model for weak temperature-induced turbulence in un-derwater wireless optical communication systems[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(13): 2455–2458.
Oubei H M, Zedini E, ElAfandy R T, et al. Simple statistical channel model for weak temperature-induced turbulence in un-derwater wireless optical communication systems[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(13): 2455–2458.
[60] Oubei H M, Duran J R, Janjua B, et al. 4.8 Gbit/s 16-QAM-OFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication[J]. Optics Ex-press, 2015, 23(18): 23302–23309.
Oubei H M, Duran J R, Janjua B, et al. 4.8 Gbit/s 16-QAM-OFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication[J]. Optics Ex-press, 2015, 23(18): 23302–23309.
[61] Xu J,Lin A B, Yu X Y, et al. Underwater laser communication using an OFDM-modulated 520-nm laser diode[J]. IEEE Pho-tonics Technology Letters, 2016, 28(20): 2133–2136.
Xu J,Lin A B, Yu X Y, et al. Underwater laser communication using an OFDM-modulated 520-nm laser diode[J]. IEEE Pho-tonics Technology Letters, 2016, 28(20): 2133–2136.
[62] Sullivan S A. Experimental study of the absorption in distilled water, artificial sea water, and heavy water in the visible region of the spectrum[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1963, 53(8): 962–968.
Sullivan S A. Experimental study of the absorption in distilled water, artificial sea water, and heavy water in the visible region of the spectrum[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1963, 53(8): 962–968.
[63] Gilbert G D, Stoner T R, Jernigan J L. Underwater experiments on the polarization, coherence, and scattering properties of a pulsed blue-green laser[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 1966, 7: 8–14.
Gilbert G D, Stoner T R, Jernigan J L. Underwater experiments on the polarization, coherence, and scattering properties of a pulsed blue-green laser[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 1966, 7: 8–14.
[64] Duntley S Q. Light in the sea[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1963, 53(2): 214–233.
Duntley S Q. Light in the sea[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1963, 53(2): 214–233.
[65] Baghdady J, Miller K, Morgan K, et al. Multi-gigabit/s underwater optical communication link using orbital angular momentum multiplexing[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(9): 9794–9805.
Baghdady J, Miller K, Morgan K, et al. Multi-gigabit/s underwater optical communication link using orbital angular momentum multiplexing[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(9): 9794–9805.
[67] Wang C, Yu H Y, Zhu Y J, et al. Experimental study on SPAD-based VLC systems with an LED status indicator[J]. Op-tics Express, 2017, 25(23): 28783–28793.
Wang C, Yu H Y, Zhu Y J, et al. Experimental study on SPAD-based VLC systems with an LED status indicator[J]. Op-tics Express, 2017, 25(23): 28783–28793.
[68] Wang C, Yu H Y, Zhu Y J. A long distance underwater visible light communication system with single photon avalanche di-ode[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2016, 8(5): 7906311.
Wang C, Yu H Y, Zhu Y J. A long distance underwater visible light communication system with single photon avalanche di-ode[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2016, 8(5): 7906311.
[69] WangJ L, Yang X Q, Lv W C, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication based on multi-pixel photon counter and OFDM modulation[J]. Optics Communications, 2019, 451: 181–185.
WangJ L, Yang X Q, Lv W C, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication based on multi-pixel photon counter and OFDM modulation[J]. Optics Communications, 2019, 451: 181–185.
[70] Hamza T, Khalighi M A, Bourennane S, et al. On the suitability of employing silicon photomultipliers for underwater wireless opti-cal communication links[C]//Proceedings of the 2016 10th In-ternational Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing, Prague, Czech Republic, 2016: 1–5.
Hamza T, Khalighi M A, Bourennane S, et al. On the suitability of employing silicon photomultipliers for underwater wireless opti-cal communication links[C]//Proceedings of the 2016 10th In-ternational Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing, Prague, Czech Republic, 2016: 1–5.
[71] Khalighi M A, Hamza T, Bourennane S, et al. Underwater wire-less optical communications using silicon photo-multipliers[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2017, 9(4): 7905310.
Khalighi M A, Hamza T, Bourennane S, et al. Underwater wire-less optical communications using silicon photo-multipliers[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2017, 9(4): 7905310.
[72] Shen J N, Wang J L, Yu C Y, et al. Single LED-based 46-m underwater wireless optical communication enabled by a mul-ti-pixel photon counter with digital output[J]. Optics Communica-tions, 2019, 438: 78–82.
Shen J N, Wang J L, Yu C Y, et al. Single LED-based 46-m underwater wireless optical communication enabled by a mul-ti-pixel photon counter with digital output[J]. Optics Communica-tions, 2019, 438: 78–82.
[73] Shen J N, Wang J L, Chen X, et al. Towards power-efficient long-reach underwater wireless optical communication using a multi-pixel photon counter[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(18): 23565–23571.
Shen J N, Wang J L, Chen X, et al. Towards power-efficient long-reach underwater wireless optical communication using a multi-pixel photon counter[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(18): 23565–23571.
[75] Tang S J, Dong Y H, Zhang X D. On link misalignment for un-derwater wireless optical communications[J]. IEEE Communica-tions Letters, 2012, 16(10): 1688–1690.
Tang S J, Dong Y H, Zhang X D. On link misalignment for un-derwater wireless optical communications[J]. IEEE Communica-tions Letters, 2012, 16(10): 1688–1690.
[76] Zhang H H, Dong Y H. Link misalignment for underwater wire-less optical communications[C]//Proceedings of 2015 Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications, Riga, Latvia, 2015: 215–218.
Zhang H H, Dong Y H. Link misalignment for underwater wire-less optical communications[C]//Proceedings of 2015 Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications, Riga, Latvia, 2015: 215–218.
[77] Huang X, Yang F, Song J. Hybrid LD and LED-based underwater optical communication: state-of-the-art, opportunities, chal-lenges, and trends[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2019, 17(10): 100002.
Huang X, Yang F, Song J. Hybrid LD and LED-based underwater optical communication: state-of-the-art, opportunities, chal-lenges, and trends[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2019, 17(10): 100002.
[78] Cai C K, Zhao Y F, Zhang J Y, et al. Experimental demonstration of an underwater wireless optical link employing orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes with fast auto-alignment sys-tem[C]//Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Confe-rence 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019: 1–3.
Cai C K, Zhao Y F, Zhang J Y, et al. Experimental demonstration of an underwater wireless optical link employing orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes with fast auto-alignment sys-tem[C]//Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication Confe-rence 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019: 1–3.
[79] Kong M W, Sun B, Sarwar R, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication using a lens-free solar panel receiver[J]. Optics Communications, 2018, 426: 94–98.
Kong M W, Sun B, Sarwar R, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication using a lens-free solar panel receiver[J]. Optics Communications, 2018, 426: 94–98.
[80] Kong M W, Lin J M, Kang C H, et al. Toward self-powered and reliable visible light communication using amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells[J]. Optics Express, 2019, 27(24): 34542–34551.
Kong M W, Lin J M, Kang C H, et al. Toward self-powered and reliable visible light communication using amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells[J]. Optics Express, 2019, 27(24): 34542–34551.
[81] Zhang H H, Dong Y H, Hui L K. On capacity of downlink under-water wireless optical MIMO systems with random sea sur-face[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2015, 19(12): 2166–2169.
Zhang H H, Dong Y H, Hui L K. On capacity of downlink under-water wireless optical MIMO systems with random sea sur-face[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2015, 19(12): 2166–2169.
[82] Zhang H H, Dong Y H. Impulse response modeling for general underwater wireless optical MIMO links[J]. IEEE Communica-tions Magazine, 2016, 54(2): 56–61.
Zhang H H, Dong Y H. Impulse response modeling for general underwater wireless optical MIMO links[J]. IEEE Communica-tions Magazine, 2016, 54(2): 56–61.
[83] Jamali M V, Salehi J A. On the BER of multiple-input mul-tiple-output underwater wireless optical communication sys-tems[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 4th International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications, Istanbul, Turkey, 2015: 26–30.
Jamali M V, Salehi J A. On the BER of multiple-input mul-tiple-output underwater wireless optical communication sys-tems[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 4th International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications, Istanbul, Turkey, 2015: 26–30.
[84] Jamali M V, Nabavi P, Salehi J A. MIMO underwater visible light communications: Comprehensive channel study, performance analysis, and multiple-symbol detection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2018, 67(9): 8223–8237.
Jamali M V, Nabavi P, Salehi J A. MIMO underwater visible light communications: Comprehensive channel study, performance analysis, and multiple-symbol detection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2018, 67(9): 8223–8237.
[85] Jamali M V, Salehi J A, Akhoundi F. Performance studies of underwater wireless optical communication systems with spatial diversity: MIMO scheme[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communica-tions, 2017, 65(3): 1176–1192.
Jamali M V, Salehi J A, Akhoundi F. Performance studies of underwater wireless optical communication systems with spatial diversity: MIMO scheme[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communica-tions, 2017, 65(3): 1176–1192.
[86] Cossu G, Sturniolo A, Messa A, et al. Sea-trial of optical ethernet modems for underwater wireless communications[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 36(23): 5371–5380.
Cossu G, Sturniolo A, Messa A, et al. Sea-trial of optical ethernet modems for underwater wireless communications[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2018, 36(23): 5371–5380.
[87] Sawa T, Nishimura N, Tojo K, et al. Practical performance and prospect of underwater optical wireless communica-tion:——results of optical characteristic measurement at visible light band under water and communication tests with the proto-type modem in the sea[J]. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences, 2019, E102-A(1): 156–167.
Sawa T, Nishimura N, Tojo K, et al. Practical performance and prospect of underwater optical wireless communica-tion:——results of optical characteristic measurement at visible light band under water and communication tests with the proto-type modem in the sea[J]. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics Communications and Computer Sciences, 2019, E102-A(1): 156–167.
[88] Akhoundi F, Salehi J A, Tashakori A. Cellular underwater wire-less optical CDMA network: performance analysis and imple-mentation concepts[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2015, 63(3): 882–891.
Akhoundi F, Salehi J A, Tashakori A. Cellular underwater wire-less optical CDMA network: performance analysis and imple-mentation concepts[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2015, 63(3): 882–891.
[89] Vavoulas A, Sandalidis H G, Varoutas D. Underwater optical wireless networks: ak-connectivity analysis[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2014, 39(4): 801–809.
Vavoulas A, Sandalidis H G, Varoutas D. Underwater optical wireless networks: ak-connectivity analysis[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 2014, 39(4): 801–809.
[90] Jamali M V, Akhoundi F, Salehi J A. Performance characteriza-tion of relay-assisted wireless optical CDMA networks in turbu-lent underwater channel[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2016, 15(6): 4104–4116.
Jamali M V, Akhoundi F, Salehi J A. Performance characteriza-tion of relay-assisted wireless optical CDMA networks in turbu-lent underwater channel[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2016, 15(6): 4104–4116.
[91] Jamali M V, Chizari A, Salehi J A. Performance analysis of mul-ti-hop underwater wireless optical communication systems[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2017, 29(5): 462–465.
Jamali M V, Chizari A, Salehi J A. Performance analysis of mul-ti-hop underwater wireless optical communication systems[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2017, 29(5): 462–465.
[92] Celik A, Saeed N, Al-Naffouri T Y, et al. Modeling and perfor-mance analysis of multihop underwater optical wireless sensor networks[C]//Proceedings of 2018 IEEE Wireless Communica-tions and Networking Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2018: 1–6.
Celik A, Saeed N, Al-Naffouri T Y, et al. Modeling and perfor-mance analysis of multihop underwater optical wireless sensor networks[C]//Proceedings of 2018 IEEE Wireless Communica-tions and Networking Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2018: 1–6.
[93] Xu J, Sun B, Lyu W C, et al. Underwater fiber–wireless commu-nication with a passive front end[J]. Optics Communications, 2017, 402: 260–264.
Xu J, Sun B, Lyu W C, et al. Underwater fiber–wireless commu-nication with a passive front end[J]. Optics Communications, 2017, 402: 260–264.
[94] Xu J, Sun B, Kong M W, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication using a blue-light leaky feeder[J]. Optics Com-munications, 2017, 397: 51–54.
Xu J, Sun B, Kong M W, et al. Underwater wireless optical communication using a blue-light leaky feeder[J]. Optics Com-munications, 2017, 397: 51–54.
