Fig. 1. Micro-morphology of cladding powder
Fig. 2. Laser cladding experiment. (a) Laser cladding equipment; (b) laser cladding principle
Fig. 3. Diagram of brake disc cladding layer
Fig. 4. XRD patterns of each part of coating
Fig. 5. Carbide gradient distribution schematic
Fig. 6. Microstructures of each part of gradient coating. (a) Whole view of cross-section; (b) enlarged area A;(c) enlarged area B; (d) enlarged area C
Fig. 7. TEM morphologies of heat-affected zone. (a) TEM morphology at low magnification; (b) TEM morphology at high magnification; (c) selected area electron diffraction (SAED) of region 1; (d) SAED of region 2
Fig. 8. Element distribution of coating cross-section by linear sweep
Fig. 9. Microhardness of coating cross-section
Fig. 10. Friction coefficient of substrate and coating at different temperatures. (a) Substrate; (b) coating
Fig. 11. Volume loss of substrate and coating at different temperatures
Fig. 12. Wear appearances of substrate at different temperatures. (a) RT; (b) 100 ℃;(c) 200 ℃;(d) 300 ℃
Fig. 13. Schematics of wear mechanism. (a) Early wear; (b) abrasive wear; (c) adhesive wear; (d) oxidative wear
Fig. 14. Wear appearances of coating at different temperatures. (a) RT; (b) 100 ℃;(c) 200 ℃;(d) 300 ℃
Fig. 15. Cross-section microstructures of coating after high temperature friction and wear test. (a) 200 ℃;(b) 300 ℃
Material | Mass fraction/% |
---|
C | Si | B | W | Mn | Cr | Ni | Fe |
---|
Gray cast iron | 3.4 | 2.2 | - | - | 0.7 | - | - | Bal. | Cladding powder | ≤1.4 | 1.6-2.4 | ≤1.2 | ≤1.5 | - | 18-20 | 30-33 | Bal. |
|
Table 1. Main chemical composition of gray cast iron and cladding powder
Parameter | Value |
---|
Laser power /W | 900 | Sweep speed /(mm·min-1) | 300 | Powder feed rate /(L·min-1) | 6.5 | Gas flow/(L·min-1) | 9 | Spot diameter /mm | 1 | Overlap rate /% | 75 |
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Table 2. Technological parameters of laser cladding test
Parameter | Value |
---|
Load force /N | 75 | Rotating speed /(r·min-1) | 860 | Resolution ratio /mN | 30 | Test duration /s | 1800 | Temperature /℃ | RT,100,200,300 |
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Table 3. Friction and wear test parameters
Phase | Mass fraction /% | Relative standard deviation /% |
---|
Fe3C at the bottom of coating | 63.7,59.2,56.7 | 5.9 | Fe3C at the middle of coating | 20.4,24.2,23.1 | 8.7 | Fe5C2 at the middle of coating | 22.5,23.1,19.8 | 8.0 | Fe5C2 at the surface of coating | 17.5,15.9,16.3 | 5.0 | Cr7C3 at the middle of coating | 12.9,14.1,15.2 | 8.2 | Cr7C3 at the surface of coating | 21.8,21.1,18.6 | 8.2 |
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Table 4. Parallel quantitative calculation results of phases
Area | Mass fraction of elements/% |
---|
Fe | C | O |
---|
A | 79.7 | 4.6 | 12.8 | B | 69.1 | 7.8 | 18.7 | C | 59.9 | 10.6 | 26.4 | D | 33.5 | 8.6 | 55.4 | E | 51.6 | 2.8 | 42.6 | F | 42.3 | 2.4 | 52.4 | G | 37.9 | 3.1 | 56.8 | H | 70.4 | 4.4 | 19.9 |
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Table 5. EDS analysis of worn substrate surface
Area | Mass fraction of elements/% |
---|
Fe | C | O | Cr |
---|
A | 43.6 | | 26.9 | 8.8 | B | 53.9 | 7.2 | | 11.6 | C | 41.8 | 2.5 | 14.6 | 16.5 | D | 28.1 | 1.2 | 62.9 | 2.8 | E | 29.2 | 1.5 | 57.5 | 5.1 | F | 33.2 | 1.7 | 62.1 | 2.9 | G | 32.7 | 2.5 | 37.6 | 5.7 | H | 34.1 | 1.3 | 54.6 | |
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Table 6. EDS analysis of coating wear surface