Fig. 1. Block diagram of a 16QAM probabilistic shaping system based on CCDM

Fig. 2. Probability distribution and signal constellation. (a) PS-16QAM probability distribution; (b) PS/uniform 16QAM signal constellation

Fig. 3. A multi-band millimeter wave vector signals' generation system based on probability shaping

Fig. 4. Vector millimeter wave signal's optical spectra and electrical spectra (8 Gbaud uniform 16QAM,-12 dBm). (a) After IM; (b) after IQ modulator; (c) after BTB; (d) after 180 km SMF

Fig. 5. Bit error rate curves and constellation diagrams (-12 dBm) on 70 GHz and 130 GHz carrirers for 8 Gbaud 16QAM signal

Fig. 6. 8.889 Gbaud PS-16QAM and 8 Gbaud uniform 16QAM signal's bit error rate curves and constellation diagrams (-10 dBm) on 70 GHz. (a) Constellation diagram of uni-16QAM, after 180 km SMF; (b) constellation diagram of PS-16QAM, after 180 km SMF; (c) constellation diagram of uni-16QAM, after 180 km NLSF; (d) constellation diagram of PS-16QAM, after 180 km NLSF; (e) PS-16QAM and uniform 16QAM signal's bit error rate curves

Fig. 7. 8.889 Gbaud PS-16QAM and 8 Gbaud uniform 16QAM signal's bit error rate curves and constellation diagrams (-10 dBm) on 130 GHz. (a) Constellation diagram of uni-16QAM,after 180 km SMF; (b) constellation diagram of PS-16QAM, after 180 km SMF; (c) constellation diagram of uni-16QAM, after 180 km NLSF; (d) constellation diagram of PS-16QAM, after 180 km NLSF; (e) PS-16QAM and uniform 16QAM signal's bit error rate curves

Table 1. Key device parameters of the simulation system