To obtain the absolute distribution of a three-dimensional surface, a method for three-sphere construction based on odd/even functions and the Fourier series is proposed. According to the traditional three-sphere method, the measurement of a test surface rotating by 90° is included in the combined experiments. Further, the surface shape distribution is decomposed into orthogonal basis functions in the odd/even form, and the functions are all solved individually. The algorithm is simulated based on the actual shape, and the root mean square (RMS) of the residual error reaches 1.5λ/1000. The proposed three-sphere method is also compared with the two-sphere method and the random ball method; the maximum residual RMS is 1.99 nm. The rotation, translation, tilt, and defocus errors of the adjustment mechanism during the experiments are quantitatively analyzed; a maximum error of 0.90 nm is revealed. The absolute distribution of the three-dimensional surface is detected in this study, enabling synchronous full-aperture detection of multiple spherical mirrors.