Recent Progress of Imaging Applications Based on Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

Hui Zhou; Chengjun Zhang; Chaolin Lü; Xingyu Zhang; Hao Li; Lixing You; Zhen Wang

doi:10.3788/LOP202158.1011005

[1] Hadfield R H. Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications[J]. Nature Photonics, 3, 696-705(2009).

[7] Lita A E, Miller A J, Nam S W et al. Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency[J]. Optics Express, 16, 3032-3040(2008).

[8] Wang C, Yin Z Q, Wang S et al. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution robust against environmental disturbances[J]. Optica, 4, 1016-1023(2017). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/optica/abstract.cfm?uri=optica-4-9-1016

[9] Boaron A, Boso G, Rusca D et al. Secure quantum key distribution over 421 km of optical fiber[J]. Physical Review Letters, 121, 190502(2018). http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03222v1

[10] Chen J P, Zhang C, Liu Y et al. Sending-or-not-sending with independent lasers: secure twin-field quantum key distribution over 509 km[J]. Physical Review Letters, 124, 070501(2020). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/339423748_Sending-or-Not-Sending_with_Independent_Lasers_Secure_Twin-Field_Quantum_Key_Distribution_over_509_km

[11] Zhong H S, Wang H, Deng Y H et al. Quantum computational advantage using photons[EB/OL]. (2020-12-03) [2021-02-01]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.01625

[12] You L X. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum information[J]. Nanophotonics, 9, 2673-2692(2020). http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00411

[13] Inderbitzin K, Engel A, Schilling A et al. Soft X-ray single-photon detection with superconducting tantalum nitride and niobium nanowires[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 23, 2200505(2013). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6384686

[14] Wollman E E, Verma V B, Beyer A D et al. UV superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with high efficiency, low noise, and 4 K operating temperature[J]. Optics Express, 25, 26792-26801(2017).

[15] Li H, Chen S J, You L X et al. Superconducting nanowire single photon detector at 532 nm and demonstration in satellite laser ranging[J]. Optics Express, 24, 3535-3542(2016). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26907010

[16] Marsili F, Bellei F, Najafi F et al. Efficient single photon detection from 500 nm to 5 μm wavelength[J]. Nano Letters, 12, 4799-4804(2012). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22889386

[17] Verma V B, Korzh B, Walter A B et al. Single-photon detection in the mid-infrared up to 10 micron wavelength using tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire detectors[EB/OL]. [2021-02-01]. http://www.ftracker.net/index.php/Home/Index/content/id/58342585

[18] Gol’tsman G N, Okunev O, Chulkova G et al. Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 79, 705-707(2001).

[19] Gol’tsman G, Okunev O, Chulkova G et al. Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 11, 574-577(2001).

[20] Semenov A D, Gol’tsman G N, Sobolevski R et al. Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its application for radiation sensors[J]. Superconductor Science and Technology, 15, R1-R16(2002). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2002SuScT..15R...1S

[21] Semenov A, Engel A, Hübers H W et al. Probability of the resistive state formation caused by absorption of a single-photon in current-carrying superconducting nano-strips[EB/OL]. (2004-12-07) [2021-02-01]. https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0410633

[22] Vinokur A G A V M. Comment on “vortex-assisted photon count and their magnetic field dependence in single-photon superconducting detectors”[J]. Physical Review B, Condensed Matter, 86, 026501(2012).

[23] Semenov A D, Haas P, Hübers H W et al. Vortex-based single-photon response in nanostructured superconducting detectors[J]. Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications, 468, 627-630(2008). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921453408000713

[24] Zotova A N, Vodolazov D Y. Photon detection by current-carrying superconducting film: a time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau approach[J]. Physical Review B, 85, 024509(2012). http://smartsearch.nstl.gov.cn/paper_detail.html?id=ec4960e1d58cc3d5393ccf0413cce712

[25] Hu P, Li H, You L X et al. Detecting single infrared photons toward optimal system detection efficiency[J]. Optics Express, 28, 36884-36891(2020). http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.14690

[26] Shibata H, Fukao K, Kirigane N et al. SNSPD with ultimate low system dark count rate using various cold filters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 27, 1-4(2017). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7752769/

[27] Yang X Y, Li H, Zhang W J et al. Superconducting nanowire single photon detector with on-chip bandpass filter[J]. Optics Express, 22, 16267-16272(2014). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-22-13-16267

[28] Korzh B, Zhao Q Y, Allmaras J P et al. Demonstration of sub-3 ps temporal resolution with a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector[J]. Nature Photonics, 14, 250-255(2020). http://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-020-0589-x

[29] Miki S, Yamashita T, Wang Z et al. A 64-pixel NbTiN superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array for spatially resolved photon detection[J]. Optics Express, 22, 7811-7820(2014).

[30] Huang Y, Wang L, Hu W D et al. Efficient signal emitters and detectors[J]. Scientia Sinica (Informationis), 46, 1035-1052(2016).

[31] You L X, Li H, Zhang W J et al. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector on dielectric optical films for visible and near infrared wavelengths[J]. Superconductor Science and Technology, 30, 084008(2017). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SuScT..30h4008Y

[32] Zhou H, Pan Y M, You L X et al. Superconducting nanowire single photon detector with efficiency over 60% for 2-μm-wavelength[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 11, 1-7(2019).

[33] Wang H Q, Li H, You L X et al. Fast and high efficiency superconducting nanowire single-photon detector at 630 nm wavelength[J]. Applied Optics, 58, 1868-1872(2019). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/331531708_Fast_and_high_efficiency_superconducting_nanowire_single-photon_detector_at_630_nm_wavelength

[34] Reddy D V, Nerem R R, Nam S W et al. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with 98% system detection efficiency at 1550 nm[J]. Optica, 7, 1649-1653(2020).

[35] le Jeannic H, Verma V B, Cavaillès A et al. High-efficiency WSi superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum state engineering in the near infrared[J]. Optics Letters, 41, 5341-5344(2016). http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/27842128

[36] Zadeh I E, Los J W N, Gourgues R B M et al. Single-photon detectors combining high efficiency, high detection rates, and ultra-high timing resolution[J]. APL Photonics, 2, 111301(2017).

[37] Lanzagorta M. Quantum radar[J]. Synthesis Lectures on Quantum Computing, 3, 1-139(2011).

[38] Karp S, Stotts L B. Fundamentals of electro-optic systems design[M](2012).

[39] Amann M C, Bosch T M, Lescure M et al. Laser ranging: a critical review of unusual techniques for distance measurement[J]. Optical Engineering, 40, 10-19(2001). http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/optical-engineering/volume-40/issue-01/0000/Laser-ranging--a-critical-review-of-unusual-techniques-for/10.1117/1.1330700.full

[40] Sun Y C, Pang Y J, Bai Z X et al. Application technology of laser triangulation[J/OL]. Laser Journal: 1-10. [2021-02-01]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/50.1085.TN.20201104.1145.002.html

[41] Becker W. The bh TCSPC handbook[J]. Scanning, 800, 1-566(2010).

[42] Warburton R E, McCarthy A, Wallace A M et al. Subcentimeter depth resolution using a single-photon counting time-of-flight laser ranging system at 1550 nm wavelength[J]. Optics Letters, 32, 2266-2268(2007).

[43] McCarthy A, Krichel N J, Gemmell N R et al. Kilometer-range, high resolution depth imaging via 1560 nm wavelength single-photon detection[J]. Optics Express, 21, 8904-8915(2013). http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-21-7-8904

[44] Xue L, Li M, Zhang L B et al. Long-range laser ranging using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 14, 071201(2016). http://www.opticsjournal.net/Articles/Abstract?aid=OJ98d5288f22ab18b9

[45] Xue L, Li Z L, Zhang L B et al. Satellite laser ranging using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at 1064 nm wavelength[J]. Optics Letters, 41, 3848-3851(2016). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27519105

[46] Zhu J, Chen Y J, Zhang L B et al. Demonstration of measuring sea fog with an SNSPD-based lidar system[J]. Scientific Reports, 7, 15113(2017). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/29118415

[47] Shangguan M J, Xia H Y, Wang C et al. Dual-frequency Doppler lidar for wind detection with a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector[J]. Optics Letters, 42, 3541-3544(2017). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28914897

[48] Chen S J, Liu D K, Zhang W X et al. Time-of-flight laser ranging and imaging at 1550 nm using low-jitter superconducting nanowire single-photon detection system[J]. Applied Optics, 52, 3241-3245(2013).

[49] Zhou H, He Y H, You L X et al. Few-photon imaging at 1550 nm using a low-timing-jitter superconducting nanowire single-photon detector[J]. Optics Express, 23, 14603-14611(2015).

[50] Yu J, Zhang R L, Gao Y F et al. Intravital confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in the second near-infrared window[J]. Optics Letters, 45, 3305-3308(2020). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/341340624_Intravital_confocal_fluorescence_lifetime_imaging_microscopy_in_the_second_near-infrared_window

[51] Zhao Q Y, Zhu D, Calandri N et al. Single-photon imager based on a superconducting nanowire delay line[J]. Nature Photonics, 11, 247-251(2017). http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v11/n4/abs/nphoton.2017.35.html

[52] Kong L D, Zhao Q Y, Zheng K et al. Noise-tolerant single-photon imaging with a superconducting nanowire camera[J]. Optics Letters, 45, 6732-6735(2020). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/346692020_Noise-tolerant_single-photon_imaging_with_a_superconducting_nanowire_camera

[53] Verma V B, Horansky R, Marsili F et al. A four-pixel single-photon pulse-position array fabricated from WSi superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 104, 051115(2014). http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/104/5/10.1063/1.4864075

[54] Wollman E E, Verma V B, Lita A E et al. Kilopixel array of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors[J]. Optics Express, 27, 35279-35289(2019).

[55] Strekalov D V, Sergienko A V, Klyshko D N et al. Observation of two-photon “ghost” interference and diffraction[J]. Physical Review Letters, 74, 3600-3603(1995). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/10058246

[56] Bennink R S, Bentley S J, Boyd R W et al. “Two-photon” coincidence imaging with a classical source[J]. Physical Review Letters, 89, 113601(2002). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12225140

[57] Valencia A, Scarcelli G, D’Angelo M et al. Two-photon imaging with thermal light[J]. Physical Review Letters, 94, 063601(2005).

[58] Zhang D, Zhai Y H, Wu L G et al. Correlated two-photon imaging with true thermal light[J]. Optics Letters, 30, 2354-2356(2005). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/7569406_Correlated_two-photon_imaging_with_true_thermal_light

[59] Saldin D. Ghost imaging with X rays[J]. Physics, 9, 103(2016). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhyOJ...9..103S

[60] Takhar D, Laska J N, Wakin M B et al. A new compressive imaging camera architecture using optical-domain compression[J]. Proceedings of the SPIE, 6065, 606509(2006).

[61] Duarte M F, Davenport M A, Takhar D et al. Single-pixel imaging via compressive sampling[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 25, 83-91(2008). http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1109/MSP.2007.914730&link_type=DOI

[62] Basset M G, Setzpfandt F, Steinlechner F et al. Perspectives for applications of quantum imaging[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 13, 1900097(2019). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lpor.201900097

[63] Li J, Pan Y Y, Li J S et al. Compressive holographic imaging based on single in-line hologram and superconducting nanowire single-photon detector[J]. Optics Communications, 355, 326-330(2015).

[64] Gerrits T, Allman S, Lum D J et al. Progress toward a high-resolution single-photon camera based on superconducting single photon detector arrays and compressive sensing[C]. //2015 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), May 10-15, 2015, San Jose, CA, USA., 1-2(2015).

[65] Gerrits T, Lum D J, Verma V et al. Short-wave infrared compressive imaging of single photons[J]. Optics Express, 26, 15519-15527(2018). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/325612850_Short-wave_infrared_compressive_imaging_of_single_photons

[66] Dong S, Zhang W, Huang Y D et al. Long-distance temporal quantum ghost imaging over optical fibers[J]. Scientific Reports, 6, 26022(2016).

[67] Yao X, Zhang W, Li H et al. Long-distance thermal temporal ghost imaging over optical fibers[J]. Optics Letters, 43, 759-762(2018).

[68] Yao X, Liu X, You L X et al. Quantum secure ghost imaging[J]. Physical Review A, 98, 063816(2018).

[69] Xu J J, Bu L B, Liu J Q et al. Airborne high-spectral-resolution lidar for atmospheric aerosol detection[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 47, 0710003(2020).

[70] Yang J X, Zhu Y D, Wang Q et al. Influence of surface reflectance and aerosol optical depth on performance of spaceborne integral path differential absorption lidar[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 46, 0910001(2019).

[71] Zhang X Y, Jia L, Zhu J et al. Comparison of laser ranging system based on SNSPD and SPAD detectors[J]. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 37, 378-384(2018).

[72] Zadeh I E, Los J W N, Gourgues R B M et al. Efficient single-photon detection with 7.7 ps time resolution for photon-correlation measurements[J]. ACS Photonics, 7, 1780-1787(2020).

[73] Chen B L, Yang Z D, Min M et al. Application requirements and research progress of spaceborne Doppler wind lidar[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 57, 190003(2020).

[74] Wang Y, Tang Q, Ma J T et al. Overview of 2020 precision guided weapons guidance technology development[J]. Aerodynamic Missile Journal, 31-38(2021).

[75] Chen L, Schwarzer D, Verma V B et al. Mid-infrared laser-induced fluorescence with nanosecond time resolution using a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector: new technology for molecular science[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 50, 1400-1409(2017). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/28573866

[76] Chen L, Lau J A, Schwarzer D et al. The sommerfeld ground-wave limit for a molecule adsorbed at a surface[J]. Science, 363, 158-161(2019). http://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-foreign_other_thesis/0204112830702.html

[77] Lau J A, Chen L, Choudhury A et al. Transporting and concentrating vibrational energy to promote isomerization[J]. Nature, 589, 391-395(2021). http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03081-y

[78] Chen L, Schwarzer D, Lau J A et al. Ultra-sensitive mid-infrared emission spectrometer with sub-ns temporal resolution[J]. Optics Express, 26, 14859-14868(2018). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30114791

[79] Dam J S, Lichtenberg P T, Pedersen C et al. Room-temperature mid-infrared single-photon spectral imaging[J]. Nature Photonics, 6, 788-793(2012). http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v6/n11/full/nphoton.2012.231.html

[80] Korneeva Y, Vodolazov D, Semenov A et al. Optical single-photon detection in micrometer-scale NbN bridges[J]. Physical Review Applied, 9, 064037(2018).

[81] Charaev I, Morimoto Y, Dane A et al. Large-area microwire MoSi single-photon detectors at 1550 nm wavelength[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 116, 242603(2020).

[82] Shibata H, Takesue H, Honjo T et al. Single-photon detection using magnesium diboride superconducting nanowires[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 97, 212504(2010). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5645585

[83] Ejrnaes M, Parlato L, Arpaia R et al. Observation of dark pulses in 10 nm thick YBCO nanostrips presenting hysteretic current voltage characteristics[J]. Superconductor Science and Technology, 30, 12LT02(2017).

[84] Kotsubo V, Radebaugh R, Hendershott P et al. Compact 2.2 K cooling system for superconducting nanowire single photon detectors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 27, 1-5(2017).

[85] Gemmell N R, Hills M, Bradshaw T et al. A miniaturized 4 K platform for superconducting infrared photon counting detectors[J]. Superconductor Science and Technology, 30, 11LT01(2017).

[86] You L X, Quan J, Wang Y et al. Superconducting nanowire single photon detection system for space applications[J]. Optics Express, 26, 2965-2971(2018).

[87] You L X. Miniaturizing superconducting nanowire single-photon detection systems[J]. Superconductor Science and Technology, 31, 040503(2018). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SuScT..31d0503Y