With the rise of micro-/nano-photonics, Fourier microscopy has become an important technique for characterizing micro-/nano-structured samples. However, traditional Fourier microscopy, also known as back-focal plane Fourier microscopy, can only obtain Fourier spectral distribution information, but not the spatial structure of the sample corresponding to the Fourier spectrum, which is inconvenience for characterizing of micro-/nano-structured samples. Thus, we have developed a computational Fourier microscopy based on computational imaging mode. It can not only obtain the Fourier spectrum distribution information, but also obtain a series of spatial structure images corresponding to different Fourier spectra and three-dimensional spatial structure image of the sample, which is beneficial to characterize the sample comprehensively and broaden the application range of Fourier microscopy. This paper will introduce the basic concepts, principles, research progress, and application prospects of computational Fourier microscopy.