Coal structure is an important research content of coal chemistry. High-quality fat coal is a scarce coking coal type in China. Carbon is the basic skeleton of the coal structure. Carbon is the basic skeleton of coal structure. It is the main element that forms organic matter in coal and forms coke. Study the carbon structure in high sulfur fat coal is of great significance for understanding the structure and properties of fertile coal, improving the utilization efficiency of low-quality coking coal. Collected and prepared the coal samples from Shandong Dongtan (DT), Shanxi Shuihu (SY), Huozhou (HZ), and Gaoyang (GY) mining areas. The carbon structure in coal was characterized and analyzed by XRD, FTIR and XPS. Combined with coal quality analysis results to calculate the carbon structure parameters of different coal samples. The research results show that the fa-XRD of SY, HZ, GY, DT increases sequentially. Lcand La decrease in order. The aromatic carbon structure of Shanxi coalsis stronger than Dongtan coal in arrangement regularity and aromatic ring condensation. The aromatic hydrocarbon structures in DT and GY coal exist mainly in the form of benzene ring penta-substitution, benzene ring tetra-substitution and benzene ring tri-substitution. The aromatic structure in SY and HZ coal is dominated by benzene ring disubstitution and benzene ring tetra substitution. DT and GY coals contain more branches and higher degrees of aromatic ring condensation. The fat structure of the four kinds of fat coal is dominated by methylene. The proportions of methylene groups in DT, SY, HZ, GY coal to the fat structure were 46.27%, 48.89%, 44.21%, 41.85% respectively. Coal contains more alkyl side chains. GY and DT coal have slightly higher methyl content than methine, while SY and HZ coal have the opposite. It is mainly related to the degree of fracture of the long aliphatic structure of different samples during hydrocarbon generation. The aromatic carbon ratios of SY, HZ, GY, DT coal are 0.83, 0.81, 0.74, 0.68 respectively and aromatic hydrogen ratios are 0.51, 0.43, 0.34, 0.29 respectively. The degree of aromatization in coal decreases in turn. The aromatic ring condensation degree increases in order. The oxidation degree of DT and HZ coal is high. DT coal contains C—O structure, and it is judged that there is more inactive oxygen in coal which is not easily decomposed by heat or chemical reaction.