To measure the roadheader position in coal mine, a real-time detection system of roadheader position is constructed, which uses the image recognition measurement method based on double laser targets. The spatial distributions of optical feature points and feature light on the laser target are researched, and the calculation method of roadheader position based on double laser targets is presented. With digital image processing technology, the accurate parameters of feature points and feature light are obtained, thus the precise localization of reference points on target is realized. Then, the space matrix transformation method is used to calculate the roadheader position parameters. In the simulation test, an automatic test platform of body position is established. The experimental results show that when the measurement range is less than 40 m, the system displacement error is less than 2 mm, and the angle error is less than 0.5°. The measure system has such advantages as high accuracy, simple and reliable structure, and good real-time performance. Therefore, it can meet the measurement requirements well, and achieve the position monitoring of roadheader in the tunneling process in the mine.