In this paper, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are used to investigate the spectral characteristics of seawater-cultured golden pearls with varying saturations of golden color produced from Pinctada maxima (hereinafter referred to as golden pearls). The results show that there are characteristic absorption peaks at about 360 nm and 280 nm in the UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra corresponding to the golden pearls and the absorption intensity at 360 nm is positively correlated with the golden saturation of the golden pearls. There is a negative correlation between the absorption intensities at 280 nm and 360 nm. The deeper the golden color on the pearl surface, the stronger the absorption at 360 nm and the weaker the absorption at 280 nm. Conversely, the weaker the gold color, the weaker the absorption at 360 nm and the stronger the absorption at 280 nm. Then, Raman spectra of pearls are obtained using excitation light sources with wavelengths of 405 nm, 532 nm, and 785 nm, respectively. Under the same laser wavelength, the characteristic peaks of the biological aragonite at approximately 1086 cm^-1 and 705 cm^-1 in the pearl, especially in the range of 100-300 cm^-1, gradually appeare and increase in intensity with increasing laser energy (0.05%-100%). At the same time, under the laser light sources of 405 nm and 532 nm, two wide Raman peaks are observed in the range of 1300-1600 cm^-1. Interestingly, with increasing laser energy, the intensities of the Raman peaks increase and the directional frequency shift occurs in the above two characteristic peaks. In addition, when the laser energy is low, the intensity of the Raman peak of aragonite at approximately 1086 cm^-1 is significantly higher than that of the fluorescence peak caused by organic matter in pearl. With the increase of laser energy, the irradiation damage of the laser beam to the surface of pearl samples becomes more and more obvious. This research work can provide theoretical and technical support for the formation properties of current golden pearls and the identification of imitation golden pearls, and has certain reference significance for Raman spectroscopy in the detection and identification of other gemstones.