Ultrafast fiber lasers mode-locked by two-dimensional materials: review and prospect

Tian Jiang; Ke Yin; Cong Wang; Jie You; Hao Ouyang; Runlin Miao; Chenxi Zhang; Ke Wei; Han Li; Haitao Chen; Renyan Zhang; Xin Zheng; Zhongjie Xu; Xiangai Cheng; Han Zhang

doi:10.1364/PRJ.8.000078

Journals >Photonics Research >Volume 8 >Issue 1 >Page 78 > Article

Photonics Research
Vol. 8, Issue 1, 78 (2020)

Ultrafast fiber lasers mode-locked by two-dimensional materials: review and prospect

Tian Jiang^1、†,*, Ke Yin^2、†, Cong Wang^3、†, Jie You², Hao Ouyang¹, Runlin Miao¹, Chenxi Zhang¹, Ke Wei¹, Han Li¹, Haitao Chen¹, Renyan Zhang¹, Xin Zheng², Zhongjie Xu¹, Xiangai Cheng¹, and Han Zhang^3、4

Author Affiliations

¹College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

²National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Academy of Military Sciences China, Beijing 100071, China

³Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

⁴e-mail: hzhang@szu.edu.cn

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DOI: 10.1364/PRJ.8.000078 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Tian Jiang, Ke Yin, Cong Wang, Jie You, Hao Ouyang, Runlin Miao, Chenxi Zhang, Ke Wei, Han Li, Haitao Chen, Renyan Zhang, Xin Zheng, Zhongjie Xu, Xiangai Cheng, Han Zhang. Ultrafast fiber lasers mode-locked by two-dimensional materials: review and prospect[J]. Photonics Research, 2020, 8(1): 78 Copy Citation Text

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Fiber integration with 2D materials. (a)–(c) Transmission coupling; (d)–(g) evanescent-wave coupling; 2D materials are deposited or transferred on (a) fiber ends, (b) transparent plate, (c) reflection mirror, (d) tapered fiber, (e) side-polished fiber, (f) photonic crystal fiber, and (g) cladding-etched fiber.

Fig. 1. Fiber integration with 2D materials. (a)–(c) Transmission coupling; (d)–(g) evanescent-wave coupling; 2D materials are deposited or transferred on (a) fiber ends, (b) transparent plate, (c) reflection mirror, (d) tapered fiber, (e) side-polished fiber, (f) photonic crystal fiber, and (g) cladding-etched fiber.

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Fig. 2. First demonstrations of UFLs mode-locked by 2D materials at different wavelengths.

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Fig. 3. CVD-grown graphene mode-locked EDFL [10]. (a) Laser configuration; (b) output pulse train; (c) output laser spectrum; (d) autocorrelation trace. Reproduced with permission, Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 4. Graphene mode-locked EDFL that delivers 24 fs pulses [125]. (a) Laser configuration; (b) optical spectrum; (c) autocorrelation trace; (d) measured RF spectrum. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2016, IOP Publishing.

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Fig. 5. Hundred gigahertz repetition rate graphene mode-locked UFLs [137]. (a) Laser configuration; (b) graphene microfiber knot filter; (c) laser spectrum at 1 μm; (d) laser spectrum at 1.5 μm; (e) autocorrelation trace at 1 μm; (f) autocorrelation trace at 1.5 μm. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2018, OSA Publishing.

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Fig. 6. Highly stable UFLs mode-locked by 2D materials. (a)–(c) Laser spectra; (d)–(f) measured RF spectra. (a) and (d), Ref. [146]; reproduced with permission; copyright 2018, OSA Publishing. (b) and (e), Ref. [148]; reproduced with permission; copyright 2017, OSA Publishing. (c) and (f), Ref. [128]; reproduced with permission; copyright 2018, IOP Publishing.

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Type	Graphene [38,39]	TIs [16,40,41]	TMDs [42–44]	BP [45,46]	MXenes [47]	Bismuthene [24,48,49]
Atomic structure
Band structure (monolayer)
Bandgap	0 eV (monolayer) 0.25 eV (bilayer)	0–0.7 eV	1–2.5 eV	0.35–2 eV		(monolayer)
Carrier lifetime	Fast: Slow:	Fast: 0.3–2 ps Slow: 3–23 ps	Fast: Slow: 70–400 ps	Fast: 360 fs Slow: 1.36 ps	–	Fast: 3 ps Slow: 420 ps

Table 1. 2D Material Family for UFLs^a^,^b

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Laser Configuration	SA	Pulse Width	Wavelength	Spectral Bandwidth	Ref.
Dispersion compensated ring-cavity EDFL	60-layer CVD-grown graphene	88 fs	1545 nm	48 nm	[122]
Ring-cavity TDFL	24-layer CVD-grown graphene	603 fs	1940 nm	6.6 nm	[123]
Dispersion compensated ring-cavity HDFL	Few-layers graphene	190 fs	2059 nm	53.6 nm	[124]
Linear-cavity ${Er}^{3 +}$ -doped ZBLAN fiber laser	4–6 layer CVD-grown graphene	$\sim 42 ps$	2784.5 nm	0.21 nm	[110]
Ring-cavity EDFL + EDFA	30-layer CVD-grown graphene	224 fs/24 fs^a	1560 nm	11.5 nm/136 nm^b	[125]
Ring-cavity TDFL + TDFA	12-layer CVD-grown graphene	656 fs/260 fs^a	1968 nm	9.4 nm/15 nm^b	[126]
Ring-cavity YDFL	250 nm PMS-deposited $TI - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	5.3 ps	1036.7 nm	8.28 nm	[78]
Ring-cavity EDFL	PLD-prepared $TI - {Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	70 fs	1542 nm	63 nm	[127]
Ring-cavity EDFL	Bulk-structured $TI - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	795 fs	1935 nm	5.64 nm	[104]
Linear-cavity ${Ho}^{3 +}$ -doped ZBLAN fiber laser	LPE-prepared $TI - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	6 ps	2830 nm	10 nm	[109]
Ring-cavity EDFL	CVD-grown $T M D - {WSe}_{2}$	163.5 fs	1557.4 nm	25.8 nm	[128]
Ring-cavity EDFL	PLD-prepared $T M D - {WS}_{2}$	67 fs	1540 nm	114 nm	[129]
Ring-cavity EDFL	LPE-prepared BP	102 fs	1555 nm	40 nm	[130]
Ring-cavity TDFL	ME-prepared BP	739 fs	1910 nm	5.8 nm	[108]
Linear-cavity ${Ho}^{3 +}$ -doped ZBLAN fiber laser	LPE-prepared BP	8.6 ps	2866.7 nm	4.35 nm	[131]
Ring-cavity EDFL	LPE-prepared bismuthene	193 fs	1561 nm	14.4 nm	[132]
Ring-cavity EDFL	MXene- ${Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}$	159 fs	1555 nm	22.2 nm	[133]

Table 2. UFLs Mode-Locked by 2D Materials with Short Pulse Widths

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Laser Configuration	SA	Repetition Rate	Ref.
$\sim 1 cm$ short linear-cavity EDFL	LPE-prepared graphene	9.67 GHz	[134]
21st-harmonic mode-locked ring-cavity EDFL	ME-prepared multilayer graphene	2.22 GHz	[135]
Ring-cavity EDFL with FP filter	LPE-prepared graphene	100 GHz	[136]
Ring-cavity EDFL with microfiber knot filter	LPE-prepared graphene	106.7 GHz	[137]
Ring-cavity YDFL with microfiber knot filter	LPE-prepared graphene	162 GHz	[137]
418th-harmonic mode-locked ring-cavity EDFL	LPE-prepared $TI - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	2.04 GHz	[138]
170th-harmonic mode-locked ring-cavity EDFL	PLD-prepared $TI - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	2.95 GHz	[77]
$\sim 22 cm$ short linear-cavity EDFL	LPE-prepared $TMD - {MoS}_{2}$	463 MHz	[139]
212th-harmonic mode-locked ring-cavity EDFL	LPE-prepared $TMD - {MoSe}_{2}$	3.27 GHz	[140]
10th-harmonic mode-locked ring-cavity HDFL	LPE-prepared BP	290 MHz	[141]

Table 3. UFLs Mode-Locked by 2D Materials with High Repetition Rates

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Laser Configuration	SA	SNR at $f_{rep}$	RF Resolution	RF Spanning	Ref.
Ring-cavity EDFL	LPE-prepared graphene	87.4 dB	10 Hz	–	[120]
Ring-cavity EDFL	CVD-grown graphene	70 dB	–	0–10 GHz	[144]
Ring-cavity TDFL	CVD-grown graphene	75 dB	33 Hz	0–3.6 GHz	[126]
Ring-cavity EDFL	PMS-deposited $TI - {In}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	90 dB	30 Hz	0–1.5 GHz	[145]
Ring-cavity EDFL	PMS-deposited ${TMD - MoTe}_{2}$	93 dB	10 Hz	0–1 GHz	[146]
Ring-cavity TDFL	PMS-deposited $TI - {Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	84 dB	10 Hz	0–1 GHz	[147]
Ring-cavity TDFL	PMS-deposited $TI - {Wte}_{2}$	95 dB	10 Hz	0–0.5 GHz	[148]
Ring-cavity EDFL	CVD-grown $TMD - {WSe}_{2}$	96 dB	20 Hz	0–0.6 GHz	[128]