Oil-polluted water is becoming more and more widespread, which poses a serious threat to the human and ecological environment. Rapid, accurate and reliable monitoring of oil pollution in water is essential for understanding its environmental behavior and assessing human exposure risk. Petroleum components often have better spectral responses, but there are few reports on the rapid monitoring of water contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons based on spectral technology. This study focuses on the groundwater and surface water of a typical petroleum-contaminated site. Use standard methods to obtain sample conductivity, total organic carbon and Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH+4, volatile organic compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons C6-C9, C10-C14, C15-C28, C29-C40 concentration, and the samples were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, and use multivariate data analysis methods to evaluate the possibility of rapid identification and application of spectroscopy technology in petroleum contaminated sites. The results showed that: ① Ultraviolet-visible parameters and synchronous fluorescence parameters indicate that the molecular structure of organic substances in contaminated submerged water is complex, contains a large number of aromatic compounds and contains a large number of substituents such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl and esters on the organic substances. Three-dimensional fluorescence parameters indicate that the organic substances in contaminated submerged water have undergone a long period of biological transformation, indicating that the organic substances in contaminated submerged water have strong stability and poor. ② The three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of samples contaminated by benzene series showed obvious fluorescence peaks in areas Ⅰ and Ⅳ, and shoulder peaks in area Ⅴ. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of samples contaminated mainly by naphthalene series showed obvious fluorescence peaks in areas Ⅱ and Ⅳ, and shoulder peaks in area Ⅰ. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of samples contaminated mainly by naphthalene series and phenanthrene series showed the highest fluorescence peak in zone II, and shoulder peaks existed in Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ; ③ The concentration of C6-C9 components of petroleum hydrocarbons can be rapidly indicated by the ultraviolet-visible parameters S308～363, SUVA254 and the volume of zone Ⅰ in the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum, the concentration of C10-C14 and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) can be rapidly indicated by the volume of zone Ⅳ in the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum, and the concentration of C15-C28 and C29-C40 can be rapidly indicated by the volume of zone Ⅰ in the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum. Spectral parameters combined with multivariate data analysis can be used to quickly identify petroleum-contaminated water bodies, providing a new fast on-line monitoring and analysis method for groundwater petroleum pollution monitoring and remediation.