A new method of laser beam orientation calibration based on deflection and translation of optical path is proposed. In order to realize automatic calibration of optical path and stable control of laser beam orientation, a control mechanism with a combination of rotation and translation is adopted to carry out feedback deviation adjustment of laser beams. Two detectors are used to measure the direction and position of laser beams. Via a simple design of optical path calibration, the independent feedback adjustment of angular deviation and parallel deviation along the horizontal and vertical directions can be realized, and the coupling among different deviation in the adjustment process can be avoided. The introduced parallel deviation control is not sensitive to propagation distance, and therefore it is beneficial to enhancing the adjustment stability and accuracy. Moreover, the laser beam orientation calibration system based on this method is set up. The experimental results show that with this system the expected calibration effect can be achieved.