The self-developed portable Raman spectrometer is used to analyze the Raman spectral characteristics of nephrites from Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, and the spectral differences are analyzed. The nondestructive identification of nephrites from three different origins is realized based on the two pattern recognition algorithms of Mahalanobis distance discriminated method and random forest discriminated method. The results show that the Mahalanobis distance discriminated method and the random forest discriminated method can be used to distinguish the nephrites from different origins with the same Raman peak, and the identification accuracies of them are 87.5% and 95.83%, respectively.