Fig. 1. Moore neighborhood: (a) possible moving directions for a pedestrian in the occupied cell, and (b) corresponding probabilities for the pedestrian in the occupied cell to update his/her position.

Fig. 2. Visual field of the pedestrian.

Fig. 3. Room exit settings: (a) on the counter sides, (b) on the adjacent sides, (c) on the same side.

Fig. 4. Initial distributions of pedestrians: (a) random distribution and (b) cluster distribution.

Fig. 5. Plots of evacuation time of pedestrians against visual radius under different choice firmness levels, showing (a) random distribution and (b) cluster distribution.

Fig. 6. Movement trajectories of pedestrian with R = 5 m under different choice firmness levels, showing (a) random distribution, α = 0; (b) random distribution, α = 0.2; (c) cluster distribution, α = 0; and (d) cluster distribution, α = 0.2.

Fig. 7. Simulation snapshots of evacuation process under choice firmness level α = 0 (a) and α = 0.2 (b) at T = 80 when pedestrians initially distribute in cluster.

Fig. 8. Evacuation performances of pedestrians under different initial distributions, showing (a) evacuation times of pedestrians against the visual radius under different initial crowd distributions, (b) percentages of pedestrians using each exit in random distribution, and (c) percentages of pedestrians using each exit in cluster distribution.

Fig. 9. Simulation snapshots of pedestrian evacuation process under visual radius R = 0 m (a), R = 4 m (b), and R = 12 m (c).

Fig. 10. Evacuation times of pedestrians against visual radius under different exit layouts: (a) α = 0, (b) α = 0.1, (c) α = 0.15, and (d) α = 0.2.

Fig. 11. Evacuation times of pedestrians against visual radius for different exit widths in the cases: (a) random distribution and (b) cluster distribution.