Author Affiliations
1School of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China2Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experiment 1
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of experiment 2
Fig. 3. Flow chart of image pre-processing
Fig. 4. Flow chart of tracking algorithm
Fig. 5. Results of pre-processing. (a) Original image; (b) down-sampled image; (c) image filtered by Lee filter; (d) image filtered by Kuwahara filter; (e) image denoised by Gaussian filter; (f) edge detection result with Canny operator
Fig. 6. Tracking results of experiment 1. (a) Mark four corner points of marker in first frame manually; (b) ROI calculated by algorithm according to marked coordinates of corner points; (c) tracking result of 100th frame with KLT algorithm
Fig. 7. Curves of actual displacement of body surface and pixel difference between ordinate frames of ROI corner points
Fig. 8. Tracking results from three perspectives
Fig. 9. Comparison of phantom motion curves and algorithm tracking curves under three breathing conditions. (a) Three breathing conditions; (b) phantom motion curves; (c) algorithm tracking curves
Fig. 10. Actual displacement of marker and pixel difference between feature points
Fig. 11. Error bar of tracking experimental results
Number of image frames | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|
Actual displacement /mm | 0.590 | 0.637 | 0.684 | 0.684 | 0.730 | 0.730 | 0.777 | 0.777 | 0.824 | 0.824 | Pixel number | 0 | 1.0519 | 2.3220 | 3.9902 | 5.7497 | 7.2507 | 8.1309 | 9.4441 | 10.5546 | 11.7608 | Actual displacement afternormalization | 0 | 0.0023 | 0.0047 | 0.0047 | 0.0070 | 0.0070 | 0.0094 | 0.0094 | 0.0118 | 0.0118 | Normalized pixel value | 0 | 0.0349 | 0.0771 | 0.1325 | 0.1910 | 0.2408 | 0.2701 | 0.3137 | 0.3506 | 0.3907 | Normalized actual displacementafter down-sampling | 0.0077 | 0.0767 | 0.1400 | 0.1967 | 0.2334 | 0.2792 | 0.3168 | 0.3649 | 0.4190 | 0.4641 | Normalized pixel value afterdown-sampling | 0.0006 | 0.0370 | 0.0853 | 0.1451 | 0.2090 | 0.2519 | 0.2887 | 0.3343 | 0.3739 | 0.4180 | Difference between actualdisplacement and pixel change | 0.0071 | 0.0397 | 0.0547 | 0.0516 | 0.0244 | 0.0273 | 0.0281 | 0.0306 | 0.0451 | 0.0461 |
|
Table 1. Table of comparison of actual displacement and pixel difference between frames
Number of image frames | 1 | 40 | 80 | 120 | 160 | 200 | 240 | 280 | 320 | 360 |
---|
Actual displacement /cm | 14.14 | 13.69 | 13.58 | 13.98 | 14.08 | 13.68 | 13.52 | 13.88 | 14.05 | 13.75 | Pixel difference /pixel | 214.73 | 189.56 | 183.00 | 205.52 | 210.38 | 188.63 | 180.66 | 199.61 | 209.55 | 193.61 | Actual displacement A /cm | -0.45 | -0.11 | 0.40 | 0.10 | -0.40 | -0.16 | 0.36 | 0.17 | -0.30 | | Pixel difference B /pixel | -25.18 | -6.56 | 22.52 | 4.86 | -21.75 | -7.97 | 18.95 | 9.94 | -15.95 | | Normalized A (C) | 0 | -0.69 | -0.86 | -0.25 | -0.09 | -0.71 | -0.95 | -0.40 | -0.14 | -0.60 | Normalized B (D) | 0 | -0.70 | -0.88 | -0.25 | -0.12 | -0.72 | -0.94 | -0.42 | -0.14 | -0.58 | Difference between C and D | 0 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.02 |
|
Table 2. Comparison of actual displacement and changes in position of central point of ROI