Fig. 1. Model of beam intensity and wavefront control based on an off-axis target plane using freeform surfaces

Fig. 2. Mapping model from off-axis target plane to vertical virtual plane

Fig. 3. A design example of simultaneous control of light intensity and wavefront on off-axis plane. (a) Optical control model; (b) Target irradiance distribution of the off-axis target plane; (c) Mapping of the irradiance distribution on the vertical virtual plane; (d) Entrance surface; (e) Exit surface, and (f) the lens model

Fig. 4. Simulation verification of lighting effects on the tilted target plane. (a) Normalized irradiance distribution on the tilted target plane of |SW|= 300 mm; (b) Normalized irradiance curves along the lines x=0 mm and y=0 mm; (c) Optical path difference distributions

Fig. 5. Simulation results at different lighting distances. Normalized irradiance distribution on the tilted plane when |SW|=400 mm (a) and when |SW|=200 mm (c), normalized irradiance curves along the lines x=0 mm and y=0 mm when |SW|=400 mm (b) and when |SW|=200 mm (d)

Fig. 6. Analysis of lighting results on the vertical virtual plane. (a) Discrete distribution of incident beam; (b) Ray drop points distribution on the vertical virtual plane obtained by solving the MA equation; (c) Simulation result on the vertical virtual plane when |SW|=300 mm; (d) Normalized irradiance curves along the lines x=0 mm and y=0 mm