In the fields of equipment precision manufacturing, space navigation, positioning, and satellite formation, the accuracy of the laser interferometer measurement system is required to reach the pm level in the measurement range of thousands of meters to hundreds of kilometers, which is a requirement that cannot be achieved by traditional laser ranging technology. To solve the above issues based on the characteristics of equally spaced multispectral optical frequency combs, classic principle of multiwavelength laser interferometry, and theoretical mathematical model of the heterodyne interferometric distance measurement method of the dual-optical frequency comb, the effects of phase measurement uncertainty, air refractive index, and the uncertainty caused by signal repetition frequency on distance measurement are investigated in this paper. The results show that the uncertainty of distance measurement decreases with the increase in temperature, pressure, and carbon dioxide volume fraction. In addition, compared to the traditional optical frequency comb interferometric ranging method, the higher the temperature and pressure, the more obvious the decrease of the measurement distance uncertainty of the dual-optical frequency comb heterodyne interferometric ranging method; when the volume fraction of carbon dioxide per cubic meter is in the range of 0.75%-0.80%, the distance measurement uncertainty of the two methods tends to be consistent.