Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of photo-induced generation of CO₂^•- and surface coordination; (b) XRD patterns of bare and treated Cu foils; (c) calculated surface energies γ of DA-terminated Cu(111) and Cu(110) as a function of the DA concentration; (d) adsorption energies Eads of CO₂, DA, and OCHO groups as a function of their concentrations on Cu(110). Time-resolved AFM height curve (e), and schematic illustration (f) of Cu surfaces during no-light and visible light irradiation experiments

Fig. 2. (a) SEM images of Cu foil and Cu-OCHO after immersion in 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution for 24 h; (b) electric conductivity of Cu foil and Cu-OCHO; (c) electric and (d) thermal conductivities of Cu foil and Cu-OCHO before and after corrosion in 0.1 mol/L NaOH at room temperature; (e) work functions W of bare Cu(110) and carboxylated Cu(110) as a function of the OCHO concentration; (f) calculated minimum energy pathways for several corrosive species (O₂, OH, Cl, and S) to diffuse through the carboxylation layer of Cu(110)

Fig. 3. Optical images of (a) natural sunlight irradiation device; (b) treated Cu foil, and (c) treated Cu heat sink immersed in 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution for 16 h; (d) optical image and schematic illustration of continuous fabrication by electron beam; (e) optical image of treated Cu foil