Author Affiliations
1Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things & Network Control, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China2Shool of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Block diagram of acquisition method
Fig. 2. Simplified structure of testing platform
Fig. 3. Performance of improved threshold function
Fig. 4. Denoising principle of VMD-IWT
Fig. 5. Motion artifact in signal
Fig. 6. Simulated signals. (a) Pure signal; (b) signal after adding 5 dB Gaussian white noise; (c) signal after adding 15 dB Gaussian white noise; (d) signal after adding 25 dB Gaussian white noise
Fig. 7. Comparison chart of each evaluation metric. (a) SNR metric; (b) RMSE metric; (c) PRD metric
Fig. 8. Respiration and heartbeat signal acquisition experiment
Fig. 9. Respiration and heartbeat mixed signal
Fig. 10. Component diagrams of VMD
Fig. 11. Effect plots of each algorithm after denoising. (a) EEMD algorithm; (b) CEEMDAN algorithm; (c) EMD-ICA algorithm; (d) proposed method
Fig. 12. Detailed plots of signals. (a) EEMD algorithm; (b) CEEMDAN algorithm; (c) EMD-ICA algorithm; (d) proposed method
Fig. 13. Signal separation and frequency calculation. (a) Original signal; (b) denoised signal; (c) respiratory signal; (d) respiratory spectrogram; (e) heartbeat signal; (f) heartbeat spectrogram
IMF component | Correlation coefficient |
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I1 | 0.7905 | I2 | 0.6771 | I3 | 0.0250 | I4 | 0.0228 | I5 | 0.0246 | I6 | 0.0234 | I7 | 0.0227 |
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Table 1. Calculation results of correlation coefficients of simulated signal
Input noise /dB | EEMD | CEEMDAN | EMD-ICA | Ours |
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5 | 9.8856 | 13.3112 | 10.0905 | 15.8232 | 10 | 15.1102 | 19.8262 | 15.383 | 20.1452 | 15 | 20.2611 | 25.7508 | 17.069 | 27.9937 | 20 | 23.9229 | 28.4108 | 18.2128 | 29.4352 | 25 | 28.8165 | 29.3288 | 18.6396 | 30.2870 |
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Table 2. Calculation results of SNR
Input noise /dB | EEMD | CEEMDAN | EMD-ICA | Ours |
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5 | 2.7197 | 1.8333 | 2.6563 | 1.3729 | 10 | 1.4904 | 0.8659 | 1.4443 | 0.8347 | 15 | 0.8237 | 0.4378 | 1.1895 | 0.3382 | 20 | 0.5403 | 0.3223 | 1.0427 | 0.2864 | 25 | 0.3076 | 0.2900 | 0.9927 | 0.2597 |
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Table 3. Calculation results of RMSE
Input noise /dB | EEMD | CEEMDAN | EMD-ICA | Ours |
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5 | 32.0419 | 21.5993 | 31.2949 | 16.1748 | 10 | 17.5586 | 10.2021 | 17.0157 | 9.8342 | 15 | 9.7038 | 5.1578 | 14.01337 | 3.9839 | 20 | 6.3658 | 3.7972 | 12.2846 | 3.3747 | 25 | 3.6239 | 3.4163 | 11.6956 | 3.0595 |
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Table 4. Calculation results of PRD
IMF component | Correlation coefficient |
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I1 | 0.9853 | I2 | 0.2143 | I3 | 0.0702 | I4 | 0.0564 | I5 | 0.0337 | I6 | 0.0247 | I7 | 0.0079 | I8 | 0.0056 | I9 | 0.0053 | I10 | 0.0049 | I11 | 0.0046 |
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Table 5. Calculation results of correlation coefficients of acquisition signal
Subject | RHR | RBR |
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Calculation value /( beat·min-1) | Reference value /( beat·min-1) | Error /% | Calculation value /( beat·min-1) | Reference value /( beat·min-1) | Error /( beat·min-1) |
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1 | 68 | 70 | 2.86 | 23 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 70 | 71 | 1.41 | 13 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 62 | 65 | 4.62 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 4 | 88 | 82 | 7.32 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 5 | 73 | 80 | 8.75 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 6 | 62 | 63 | 1.59 | 16 | 16 | 0 |
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Table 6. Calculation results of respiration and heart rate