Author Affiliations
1National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Equipment Digitization, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China2Wuhan Newlaz Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Schematic of laser deep penetration welding process
Fig. 2. Overall tensile strength versus heat input
[26] Fig. 3. Schematic of laser filler welding process
Fig. 4. Application of laser brazing in automotive industry
[33]. (a) Laser joining of hatchback parts; (b) principle diagram of laser brazing
Fig. 5. Principle diagram of trifocal laser brazing
[39] Fig. 6. Thermal imaging in brazing process
[39]. (a) Monofocal brazing; (b) trifocal brazing
Fig. 7. Microstructures at selected regions for joints obtained with different filler metals
[43] . (a)-(c) Pure Al; (d)-(f) AlSi5; (g)-(i) AlSi12
Fig. 8. Schematic of laser-arc hybrid welding process
[45] Fig. 9. Weld morphologies under different welding schemes
[46] . (a) Laser guided arc; (b) arc guided laser
Fig. 10. Formation of laser-dominated region and laser-MIG hybrid-dominated region
[48]. (a) Laser-dominated region in laser welding process; (b) MIG-dominated region in MIG welding process; (c) laser-MIG hybrid-dominated region in laser-MIG hybrid welding process
Fig. 11. Weld appearance and microstructures for laser-MIG hybrid welding
[48]. (a) Weld appearance; (b) fine dendrite in laser-MIG hybrid-dominated region; (c)-(e) morphologies of fusion line between laser-MIG hybrid-dominated region and laser-dominated region; (f) coarse dendrite in laser-dominated region
Fig. 12. Schematic for detection-compensation-tracking of weld seam
[56] Fig. 13. DIGI-LAS/MDL system used for roof welding
[58] Fig. 14. Relationship model between keyhole-induced porosity and multi-sensing signals
[61]. (a) Relationship between keyhole depth variation and porosity; (b) CNN-based porosity detection with keyhole opening morphological characteristics
Fig. 15. Schematic for detection of laser welding defects based on laser vision
[65] Material | Material type | Material feature | Application |
---|
Steel | General steel | Low hardness, low tensile strength | Fenders, bumpers, etc. | Special steel | High tensile strength | Exterior body panels, wings, doors, rooves, side panels, etc. | Aluminum alloy | Al-Mg | High tensile strength, high elongation, good fatigue strength | Body frames, hood outer panels, doors, top covers, seats, wings, etc. | Al-Mg-Si | Good corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance and processability | Magnesium alloy | Mg-Al-Zn | High specific strength, good workability, good absorption of vibration and shock | Steering wheel skeletons, seats, etc. | Mg-Zn-Zr |
|
Table 1. Metal materials commonly used for automotive body
Characteristic | Laser deep penetration welding | Laser wire filling welding | Laser braze welding | Laser-arc hybrid welding |
---|
Laser power | Higher | High | Low | Low | Welding speed | Faster | Slow | Fast | Faster | Welding stability | Unstable | Stable | Stable | Stable | Gap tolerance | Low | High | High | High | Application | Top cover, door cover, body frame, etc. | Door cover, battery housing, etc. | Top cover, door cover, body frame, etc. | Door cover, top beam, etc. | Component material | Steel, aluminum alloy | Steel, aluminum alloy | Steel, aluminum alloy | Steel, aluminum alloy | Joint form | Overlap joint, corner joint | Overlap joint, corner joint | Overlap joint, corner joint | Butt joint, corner joint | Ratio of weld depth to width | Large | Adjustable | Small | Adjustable | Tensile strength of weld seam | Higher | High | Low | High |
|
Table 2. Laser welding processes commonly used for automotive body