The development of high-performance thermal insulation materials is of great significance to the development of aviationconstructiontransportation and other fields. Silica (SiO2) fiber has the advantages of low densitylow thermal conductivity and oxidation resistanceand is a kind of thermal insulation material with great development potential. Howeverthe thermal conductivity of SiO2 fiber needs to be further reducedso how to further improve its thermal insulation performance is an important topic. Based on the thermal insulation mechanism of SiO2 fiberthe preparation methods and research status of SiO2 fiber with different morphologies (solidhollowporous) are analyzed in this paper. The research progress of SiO2 fiber composite with organic materialsinorganic materials is aslo summarized. At the same timethe main application fields of thermal insulation materials are briefly described. Finallythe development direction of SiO2 fiber-based thermal insulation materials in the future is prospected.