The collaborative and efficient disposal of construction solid waste and industrial solid waste is of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of solid waste. In this paper, CT scanning technology and digital volume correlation method were used to analyze the damage evolution characteristics of geopolymer recycled concrete under uniaxial compression, so as to establish the damage constitutive model of geopolymer recycled concrete under uniaxial compression. The results show that the main reason for the failure of geopolymer recycled concrete is the generation of non-uniform strain field. The damage parameter and strain present a quintic function relationship considering the numerical and spatial characteristics. The damage constitutive model based on the strain equivalence principle can better characterize the stress-strain relationship under load. This research can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the application of geopolymer recycled concrete in engineering, and provide a new method for the study of mechanical damage of recycled concrete.