Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of different kinds of typical 2D materials, such as graphene, h-BN, TMDs, MOFs, COFs, MXenes, LDHs, oxides, metals, and BP. Selected from Ref. [
7]. (b) Summary of stability analysis and semiconducting properties of 44 different
MX2 compounds. Transition metal atoms indicated by M are divided into 3d, 4d, and 5d groups.
MX2 compounds shaded light gray form neither stable H (2H-
MX2) nor T (1T-
MX2) structure. In each box, the lower-lying structure (H or T) is the ground state. The resulting structures (T or H) can be half-metallic (
+), metallic (
*), or semiconducting (
**) with direct or indirect band gaps. Selected from Ref. [
21].
Fig. 2. Schematic of fabrication techniques of 2D materials. Selected from Ref. [
45].
Fig. 3. Liquid exfoliation of layered crystals allows the production of suspensions of 2D nanosheets, which can be formed into a range of structures. (a)
MoS2 powder. (b)
WS2 dispersed in surfactant solution. (c) An exfoliated
MoS2 nanosheet. (d) A hybrid material consisting of
WS2 nanosheets embedded in a network of carbon nanotubes. Selected from Ref. [
46].
Fig. 4. Schematic of the Z-scan experimental setup.
Fig. 5. Schematic of (a) optical and (b) microwave saturable absorption in
TI:Bi2Te3. Selected from Ref. [
49].
Fig. 6. Various integration methods of 2D materials for fiber devices: (a) Sandwiched device; (b) in-fiber microfluidic channels; (c) photonic-crystal fibers; (d) D-shaped and (e) tapered fibers. (f) Fully integrated monolithic fiber laser. The SAs represented in this figure could be 2D materials-based SAs. Selected from Ref. [
34].
Fig. 7. Experimental setup.
Fig. 8. Material characterization: (a) Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) image and (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of
Bi2Se3.
Q-switching characteristics of an EDFL based on
Bi2Se3 SA: (c) Optical spectrum and (d) the pulse duration and peak power as a function of the pump power. Selected from Ref. [
200].
Fig. 9. Device characterization: (a) Linear absorption spectra of
Bi2Te3 SA. Tunable mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on
Bi2Te3 SA: (b) Output soliton spectrum, (c) its corresponding autocorrelation trace, (d) tunable wavelength spectra. Selected from Ref. [
250].
Fig. 10. Device characterization: (a) Scanning electron microscoped (SEM) image of the microfiber-based
WS2 SA. Harmonic mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on
WS2 SA: (b) Output optical spectrum, (c) measured pulse duration, and (d) the radio frequency (RF) spectrum in full range with a 10 kHz resolution bandwidth (RBW). Selected from Ref. [
291].
Fig. 11. Material and device characterization: (a) Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of
WS2 nanosheets; (b) nonlinear transmission of
WS2 SA at 1550 nm. Dissipative soliton characteristics of an EDFL based on
WS2 SA: (c) Output optical spectrum, (d) its corresponding autocorrelation trace. Selected from Ref. [
341].
Fig. 12. Device characterization: (a) SEM image of the fiber connector end facet with marked fiber cladding and core with visible BP layer covering the core. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL at 2 μm based on BP SA: (b) Optical spectrum of the laser (red line) together with the water absorption lines taken from the high-resolution transmission (HITRAN) database (blue line). Inset: spectrum measured in wide 60 nm span. (c) Autocorrelation trace and (d) RF spectrum. Selected from Ref. [
363].
Fig. 13. Experimental setup: (a) Schematic of the mode-locked Er:ZBLAN fiber laser based on BP SAM; DM, dichroic mirror; ROC, radius of curvature. (b) Saturable absorption curve and its measurement setup. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL at 3 μm: (c) Autocorrelation trace; (d) the optical spectrum. Selected from Ref. [
366].
Fig. 14. Material characterization: (a) Raman spectrum of few-layer
WS2 (inset: the photograph of the solution sample). Dual-wavelength soliton characteristics of an EDFL based on
WS2 SA: (b) Optical spectrum, (c) the oscilloscope trace (inset: the autocorrelation trace), and (d) long-term optical spectra of dual-wavelength soliton operation. Selected from Ref. [
381].
Fig. 15. Experimnetal setup: (a) Schematic of the mode-locked solid laser based on BP SAM, M1 is an input mirror, dichroic mirror coated for high transmission at the pump wavelength and high reflection in 1020–1100 nm range. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL: (b) The autocorrelation trace (inset: the optical spectrum). Selected from Ref. [
457].
Fig. 16. Experimental setup: (a) Schematic image of a monolayer
WS2 microdisk laser. Output characteristics: (b) Photoluminescence spectrum, the brown line is a fit to the background emission, and the green line is a fit to the
WS2 cavity emission. Selected from Ref. [
494].
Fig. 17. Experimnetal setup: (a) Output testing of the
Q-switched waveguide laser based on few-layer
Bi2Se3 SA.
Q-switching characteristics of waveguide laser: (b) The output power as a function of the pump power (inset: the optical spectrum). Selected from Ref. [
506].
Fig. 18. Material and device characterization: (a) Schematic of a graphene-
Bi2Te3 heterostructure on the end-facet of the fiber connector. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on a graphene-
Bi2Te3 heterostructure SA: (b) Optical spectrum, (c) autocorrelation trace, and (d) RF spectrum (inset: wideband RF spectrum). Selected from Ref. [
519].
Fig. 19. Material characterization: (a) High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image and (b) Raman spectra of phosphorene QDs (PQDs). Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on a PQDs SA: (c) Optical spectrum and (d) autocorrelation trace. Selected from Ref. [
527].
Fig. 20. Evolution of chaotic multi-pulse bunch over several cavity round-trips in a mode-locked EDFL based on the
Bi2Se3 SA. Inset: Microscopy image of the TI-deposited microfiber. Selected from Ref. [
563].
Fig. 21. Material characterization: (a) The photograph of few-layer
WS2; (b) the optical spectrum of the second-order form of the dual-peak–dip sidebands generated from a mode-locked EDFL based on a
WS2 SA. Selected from Ref. [
573].
Fig. 22. Material characterization: (a) Microscope image and the evanescent field of microfiber-based
Bi2Te3 SA observed using visible light and (b) the XRD pattern. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on a
Bi2Te3 SA: (c) Pulse traces and (d) corresponding optical spectra of harmonic mode-locked vector dark pulses. Selected from Ref. [
566].
2D Materials | Energy Gap (eV) | Source Laser Parameters | Nonlinear Process | Nonlinear Refractive Index () | Third-order Nonlinear Susceptibility (esu) | References |
---|
Graphene | 0 | 1550 nm, 10 MHz, 3.8 ps | SA | | | [38] | | | 800 nm, 1 kHz, 100 fs | SA | | -- | [48] | | | 1562 nm, 21 MHz, 1.5 ps | SA | | | [49] | | | | SA | | | [53] | | | 488 nm, CW | SA | | | [55] | | | 488 nm, CW | SA | | | [57] | | | 488 nm, CW | SA | | | [61] | | | 488 nm, CW | SA | | | [65] | BP | 0.3–1.5 | 800 nm, 1 kHz, 100 fs | SA/TPA | | | [66] | h-BN | 3.6–7.2 | 800 nm, 1 kHz, 100 fs | -- | | | [69] | | 7.8 | 1500 nm | -- | | -- | [48] |
|
Table 1. Summary of the Nonlinear Optical Parameters of 2D Materials
2D Materials | Incorporation Method | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (μs) | Repetition Rate (kHz) | Max. Pulse Energy (nJ) | References |
---|
| Deposited on fiber end | 1060 | Shortest, 1.95 | 8.3–29.1 | 17.9 | [197] | | Deposited on fiber end | Tunable, 1545.1–1565.1 | 13.4–36 | 4.5–12.88 | 13.3 | [198] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1980 | 4.18–18.5 | 8.4–26.8 | 313 | [199] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1530 | 4.9 | 6.2–40.1 | 39.8 | [200] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1565 | 1.9–7.76 | 459–940 | 23.8 | [201] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 604 | 0.494–0.748 | 86.2–187.4 | 3.1 | [202] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1562.27 | 1.6–17.7 | 12.3–52.7 | 0.08 | [203] | | Deposited on fiber end | Tunable, 1510.9–1589.1 | 13–49 | 2.15–12.8 | 1525 | [204] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1564.94 | 2.91 | 19.2 | 0.0042 | [205] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1562.9 | 2.81–9.36 | 7.5–42.8 | 12.7 | [206] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1559.5 | 4.88–8.46 | 8.74–21.24 | 3.8 | [207] | | Polyimide film | 1557.5 | 3.71–5.15 | 31.54–49.4 | 3.3 | [208] | | Saturable absorber mirror | 2979.9 | 1.37–4.83 | 46–81.96 | 3.99 | [209] | | Saturable absorber mirror | Tunable, 1530–1570 | 0.4 | 98–338 | 18.07 | [210] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1560 | 0.93–5.24 | 42–132 | 140 | [211] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | Tunable, 1519.6–1567.7 | 5–9 | 10.6–34.5 | 160 | [212] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1066.5 | 5.8–17 | 6.4–28.9 | 32.6 | [213] | 1560 | 5.4–23.3 | 6.5–27 | 63.2 | 2030 | 1.76–2.5 | 33.6–48.1 | 1000 | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | Tunable, 1030–1070 | 2.68–4.4 | 65.3–89 | 1.1 | [214] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1563 | 3.9–5.4 | 26.6–40.9 | 0.65 | [215] | | Saturable absorber mirror | 1549.83 | 0.66–0.76 | 116–131 | 152 | [216] | | Deposited on fiber end | Tunable, 1550–1575 | 6–35 | 22 | 150 | [217] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1549.91 | 1.66–6.11 | 10.6–173.1 | 27.2 | [218] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1560.5 | 1.92–3.7 | 28.6–114.8 | 8.2 | [219] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1560 | 3.2–5.1 | 36.8–91.7 | 0.029 | [220] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | Tunable, 1027–1065 | 1.57–2.11 | 65.28–106.16 | 28.8 | [221] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1030 | 3.2–6.4 | 24.9–36.7 | 13.6 | [222] | 1558 | 1.1–3.4 | 79–97 | 179.6 | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1547.5 | 1–3.1 | 80–120 | 0.05 | [223] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1560 | 3.1–7.9 | 4.5–49.6 | 33.2 | [224] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 635.1 | 0.207 | 232.7–512.8 | 0.04 | [225] | | 635.5 | 0.227 | 240.4–438.6 | 0.03 | | 635.4 | 0.24 | 357.1–555.1 | 0.02 | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 604 | 0.435–1.101 | 67.3–127.9 | 6.4 | [226] | | 602 | 0.602–1.955 | 50.8–118.4 | 5.5 | | Spin-coated on side-polished fiber | 1567.8 | 0.92–2.82 | 82–134 | 19 | [227] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1530 | 0.78–2.3 | 174–250 | 23.5 | [228] | | Saturable absorber mirror | 1560 | 0.1549–1.269 | 29.5–367.8 | 68.5 | [229] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1060 | 2.8–4.6 | 60–74.9 | 116 | [231] | 1566 | 4.8–7.9 | 26.5–35.4 | 825 | 1924 | 5.5–16 | 14–21.8 | 42 | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1560 | 9.92–13.534 | 7.758–41.452 | 184.7 | [232] | | 4.04–6.506 | 60.724–66.847 | 365.9 | | 3.966–6.707 | 47.026–77.925 | 1179.4 | | 4.063–9.182 | 46.281–85.365 | 484.8 | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1550 | 0.8–1.5 | 92–140 | 29 | [233] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1562.87 | 10.32–39.84 | 6.983–15.78 | 94.3 | [236] | BP | PMMA–BP–PMMA composites | 1561.9 | 2.96–55 | 7.86–34.32 | 194 | [237] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1912 | 0.731–1.42 | 69.4–113 | 632.4 | [238] | BP | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 635.4 | 0.383–1.56 | 108.8–409.8 | 27.6 | [239] | BP | Polyvinyl alcohol film | Tunable, 1563.3–1567.8 | 1.36–3.39 | 64.51–82.64 | 148.63 | [240] | BP | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1550, tunable, 1832–1935 | 9.35–41 | 4.43–18 | 28.3 | [241] | 4.9–5.7 | 20–42 | 114 | BP | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1064.7 | 2–5.5 | 26–76 | 17.8 | [242] | BP | Saturable absorber mirror | 2411 | 0.189–0.4 | 98–176 | 205 | [243] | BP | Saturable absorber mirror | 2779 | 1.18–2.1 | 39–63 | 7.7 | [244] |
|
Table 2. Performance Summary of Q-switched Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Incorporation Method | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (ps) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Output Power (mW) | References |
---|
| Saturable absorber mirror | Tunable, 1557–1565 | 1.57 | 1.21 | -- | [245] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1557.5 | 0.66 | 12.5 | 1.8 | [246] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1560 | 0.72 | 8.29 | -- | [247] | | Filled into photonic crystal fiber | 1554.56 | 0.908 | 20.27 | 0.8 | [248] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1571 | 0.579 | 12.54 | 0.265 | [249] | | Saturable absorber mirror | Tunable, 1554–1564 | 1.21 | 1.21 | -- | [250] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1558.5 | 2.49 | Harmonic, 2.04 GHz | 5.02 | [251] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1542.3 | -- | 17.4 | 23 | [252] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1564.1 | 0.92 | Harmonic, 2.95 GHz | 45.3 | [253] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1564 | 1.34 | 232.14 | 5.3 | [254] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1547 | 0.543 | 15.11 | -- | [255] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1555.9 | 0.63 | Harmonic, 773.85 | 1.4 | [256] | | Filled into photonic crystal fiber | 1065.4 | 575.8 | Harmonic, 28.73 | -- | [257] | | Filled into photonic crystal fiber | 1064.47 | 0.96 | 1.11 | -- | [258] | | Drop-casted membrane | 1565.9 | 0.448 | 17.76 | 3.6 | [259] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1557 | 1.08 | 8.635 | 0.25 | [260] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1572 | 0.4 | -- | -- | [261] | | 1576 | 0.385 | -- | -- | | Deposited on fiber end | 1558.6 | 1.8 | 4.75 | 0.5 | [262] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1558.2 | 2.2 | Harmonic, 304 | 4.5 | [263] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1561 | 0.27 | 34.5 | 1 | [264] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1568.8 | 0.195 | 33.07 | 9 | [265] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1036.7 | 5.3 | 19.28 | 4 | [266] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1054.3 | 800 | 6.58 | 9.3 | [279] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1568.9 | 1.28 | 8.288 | 5.1 | [280] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1042.6 | 656 | 6.74 | 2.37 | [281] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1558 | 3 | Harmonic, 2.5 GHz | 5.39 | [282] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1560 | 0.2 | 14.53 | 3 | [283] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1569.5 | 0.71 | 12.09 | 1.78 | [284] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1556.3 | 0.935 | Harmonic, 463 | 6 | [285] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | Tunable, 1535–1565 | 0.96 | 12.99 | -- | [286] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1567.7 | 1.4 | 5.78 | -- | [287] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1598.94 | 0.83 | 17.1 | 1.26 | [288] | | Deposited on fiber end | 1571.8 | 2.2 | 3.47 | -- | [60] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1572 | 0.595 | 25.25 | 4 | [290] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1558.5 | 0.675 | 19.58 | 0.625 | [291] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1561 | 0.369 | 24.93 | 1.93 | [292] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1565 | 0.332 | 31.11 | 0.43 | [293] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1561 | 0.246 | 101.4 | 18 | [294] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1540 | 0.067 | 135 | -- | [295] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1557 | 1.32 | 8.86 | 110 | [296] | | Filled into side-polished fiber | 1557 | 0.66 | 10.2 | -- | [297] | | Filled into photonic crystal fiber | 1563.8 | 0.808 | 19.57 | 2.64 | [298] | | Saturable absorber mirror | 1560 | 1.04 | 352 | 5.28 | [299] | | Saturable absorber mirror | Tunable, 1530.5–1570.4 | 0.99 | 396 | 6 | [300] | | Large area film | 1568.3 | 1.49 | 0.487 | 62.5 | [301] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1558 | 1.6 | 5.48 | 0.4 | [304] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1558.25 | 1.45 | 8.028 | 0.4 | [305] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1557.3 | 0.688 | Harmonic, 3.27 GHz | 22.8 | [306] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1031 | 282 | 3.76 | -- | [307] | 1561 | 1.63 | 4.398 | -- | BP | Deposited on tapered fiber | Tunable, 1532–1570 | 0.94 | 4.69 | 5.6 | [313] | BP | Deposited on tapered fiber | Tunable, 1545–1579 | 0.28 | 60.5 | -- | [314] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1558.7 | 0.786 | 14.7 | -- | [315] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1560.5 | 0.242 | 28.2 | 0.5 | [316] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1568.19 | 117.6 ns | 1.643 | 4.43 | [317] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1562 | 0.635 | 12.5 | -- | [318] | BP | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1085.5 | 7.54 | 13.5 | 80 | [319] |
|
Table 3. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Incorporation Method | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (ps) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Energy (nJ) | References |
---|
| film | 1031.7 | 47 | 44.6 | 0.756 | [332] | | Self-assembly film | Tunable, 1548.2–1570.1 | 4.5 | 10.71 | 2.8 | [333] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1560 | Tunable, 2.7–12.8 ns | 1.7 | 22.4 | [334] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1565 | 0.128 | 22.32 | 44.8 pJ | [335] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1558 | 0.167 | 25.38 | 0.21 | [336] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1065.3 | 5.9 | 19.28 | 0.81 | [337] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1568 | 4.98 | 26.02 | 0.08 | [338] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1040 | 471 | 15.44 | 0.13 | [339] | | Polyvinyl alcohol composite | 1052.45 | 0.713 | 23.26 | 1.29 | [340] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1063.6 | 630 | 5.57 | 13.6 | [341] | 1565.5 | 21.1 | 8.05 | 2.2 |
|
Table 4. Performance Summary of Dissipative Soliton Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Incorporation Method | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (ps) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Energy (nJ) | References |
---|
| Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1935 | 0.795 | 27.9 | 0.72 | [358] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1909.5 | 1.26 | 21.5 | -- | [359] | | Saturable absorber mirror | 1905 | 843 | 9.67 | 15.5 | [360] | | Deposited on side-polished fiber | 1941 | 1.3 | 34.8 | 0.0172 | [361] | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1915.5 | 1.25 | 18.72 | 2.13 | [362] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1910 | 0.739 | 36.8 | 0.0407 | [363] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 20 | 1.3 | 29.1 | 0.379 | [364] | 94 | 1.6 | 290 | 0.231 | | Saturable absorber mirror | 2830 | 6 | 10.4 | 8.6 | [365] | BP | Saturable absorber mirror | 2783 | 42 | 24 | 25.5 | [366] | BP | Saturable absorber mirror | 2866.7 | 8.6 | 13.987 | 6.2 | [367] | 2970.3, Q-switched | 2.41-5.8 μs | 12.43-62.5 kHz | 84.93 μJ | | Deposited on fiber end | 2769, Q-switched | 0.75 μs | 66.4-90.7 kHz | 2.36 μJ | [368] |
|
Table 5. Performance Summary of Mid-infrared Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Incorporation Method | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (ps) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Energy (nJ) | References |
---|
| Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1567.2/1568/1568.8/1569.2 | 22 | 8.83 | 1.1 | [376] | | Polyvinyl alcohol film | 1561.6/1562.1 | 13.62–25.16 ns | 3.54 Harmonic, 15 | 0.593–2.824 | [377] | | Deposited on fiber end | Tunable, 1527.6–1528.4 | -- | 8.95 | -- | [343] | 1529.2–1530 | 1531.4–1532.2 | | Deposited on fiber end | Tunable, 1547.6–1548.4 | 30 | 8.95 | 1.12 | [378] | 1549.2–1550 | 1551.4-1552.2 | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1559.4 | 1.3 | 239, 47th harmonic | -- | [379] | 1557.4 | 388, 76th harmonic | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1558.54 | 0.605 | 8.83 | 1.14 | [380] | 1565.99 | 0.585 | | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1568.55/1569 | 11 | 2.14 | 6.64 | [381] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1557.2/1557.7/1558.2 | 9.41 | 1.65 | -- | [383] | BP | Deposited on fiber end | 1533/1558 | -- | 20.8 | -- | [384] | BP QD | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1532.02/1556.25 | -- | 9.45 | -- | [385] | | Ternary composite film | 1532/1557.6 | 1.25 | 2.13 | 1.51 | [386] |
|
Table 6. Performance Summary of Multiwavelength Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Gain Medium | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (μs) | Repetition Rate (kHz) | Pulse Energy (μJ) | References |
---|
| | 1063 | 0.666–1.3 | 100–547 | 0.0585 | [413] | | | 1077, 1081 | 0.7–1.8 | 44.3–94.7 | 0.8342 | [414] | | c-cut | 1066.6, 1066.8 | 0.25–0.55 | 1–135 | 0.56 | [415] | | | 1313.04 | 0.433–0.628 | 36.5–161.3 | 1.23 | [416] | | | 1043.7, 1045.3, 1046.2 | 0.37–2.5 | 30–110 | 0.5117 | [418] | | Tm:LuAG | 2027 | 0.62–1.9 | 30–118 | 18.4 | [419] | | Tm:YAP | 1980 | 0.238 | 108 | 1.25 | [420] | Er:YSGG | 2796 | 0.243 | 88 | 1.25 | | | 1060 | 0.97 | 90–732 | 0.31 | [78] | Nd:YGG | 1420 | 0.729 | 40–77 | 0.67 | Tm:Ho:YGG | 2100 | 0.41 | 110–149 | 1.38 | | | 1079.57 | 0.227–0.58 | 32–232.5 | 1.11 | [421] | | Yb:LGGG | 1025.2, 1028.1 | 0.182 | 94–333 | 1.8 | [422] | | Tm:CLNGG | 1979 | 4.84–6 | 80–110 | 0.72 | [423] | | | 1902 | 0.8–2 | 25.58–48.09 | 2.08 | [424] | | Er:Lu2O3 | 2840 | 0.335–1 | 48–121 | 8.5 | [425] | | Tm, Ho:YAP | 2129 | 0.435 | 55 | -- | [426] | | | 1064 | 0.00085 | 10 | 18.3 | [427] | | Er:YAG | 1645 | 1.138 | 15–46.6 | 23.08 | [428] | | Nd:GYSGG | 1057, 1061 | 0.62, 0.591 | 35–67.35, 45–70.7 | 1.05 | [430] | | Tm:LuAG | 2012.9 | 0.66–1.6 | 10–63 | 17 | [431] | | | 1064 | 0.056–0.24 | 100–1030 | 1.6 | [432] | | Tm, Ho∶LLF | 1895 | 4–6.8 | 11.29–16.89 | 5.21 | [433] | | | 1064 | 2.3–4.94 | 55–135 | 0.145 | [434] | | | 1064 | 0.467 | 519–731 | 341.5 | [435] | | Nd: YAG | 946.3 | 0.0495 | 125 | 2630 | [436] | | Er:YSGG | 2796 | 0.324–1.1 | 47–126 | 0.825 | [440] | BP | | 2790.1, 2790.9 | 0.702–1.5 | 61–77.03 | 2.34 | [441] | BP | Tm:YAP | 1969, 1979 | 0.181–0.72 | 41–81 | 39.5 | [442] | BP | Tm:YAP | 1988 | 1.78–4 | 11–19.25 | 7.84 | [443] | BP | Yb:LuYAG | 1030 | 1.73 | 63.9 | 0.09 | [444] | | 1930 | 3.1 | 17.7 | 0.68 | 2720 | 4.47 | 12.6 | 0.48 | BP | Tm:YAG | 2009 | 2.9–9 | 6–11.6 | 3.32 | [445] | BP | Cr:ZnSe | 2411 | 0.189–0.396 | 98–176 | 0.205 | [243] | BP | | 1063.6 | 0.4955–1393 | 20–30 | 1.4 | [446] | BP | | 2950 | 0.1943–0.58 | 55–158.7 | 2.4 | [447] | BP | Yb:CYA | 1046 | 0.62–1.2 | 87.7–113.6 | 0.3257 | [448] | BP | Er:YAG | 1645, mode | 3.2 | 40 | 2150 | [449] | mode | 2.9 | | 2400 | BP | | 1064.4 | 0.00286 | -- | 166 | [450] | 0.00399 | 150 | 0.0054 | 365 | | | 2840 | 0.351–1.5 | 48–99 | 11.1 | [452] | | Nd:LLF | 1320.9 | 0.275–1.3 | 112–147 | 9.51 | [453] |
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Table 7. Performance Summary of Q-switched Solid Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Gain Medium | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (ps) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Energy (nJ) | References |
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| Yb:YAG | 1064 | 0.736 | 86.7 | 3.11 | [456] | | a-cut | 522.4 | 46 | 101.4 | 0.1 | [458] | 607.6 | 30 | 90.2 | 0.2 | 639.2 | 55 | 104.4 | 0.21 | 639 | 25 | 94.7 | 0.49 | | | 1066 | 725 | 83 | -- | [459] | BP | | 1064.1 | 6.1 | 140 | 3.29 | [457] | BP | Yb, Lu:CALGO | 1053.4 | 0.272 | 63.3 | 6.48 | [455] | BP | | 1340.7 | 9.24 | 58.14 | -- | [460] | | Yb:YAG, disk | 1031 | 13.1 | 48.6 | 18.3 | [493] |
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Table 8. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Solid/Disk Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Gain Medium | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (ns) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Energy (nJ) | References |
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| Nd:YAG ceramic | 1064 | 46 | 2.7–4.7 | 31.3 | [506] | | Nd:YAG crystal | 1064 | 80 | 0.995–3.334 | 36 | [507] | 52 | 0.781–2.938 | 19 | | Yb:YSGG crystal | 1024.8 | 125 | 0.36 | 21.7 | [508] | | Nd:YAG crystal | 1064 | 129 | 0.337–2.294 (TE) | 6.7-44.5 | [509] | 183 | 0.438–1.865 (TM) | 6.5-43.1 | | Nd:YAG crystal | 1063.9 | 203 | 0.51–1.1 | 112 | [510] | BP | Nd:YAG ceramic | 1064 | 24 | 3.23–6.1 | 25 | [511] | 55 | 4.3–5.6 | 23 | hetero-structure | | 1064 | 66 | 3.528–7.777 | 33.1 | [512] |
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Table 9. Performance Summary of Q-switched Waveguide Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials
2D Materials | Incorporation Method | Central Wavelength (nm) | Pulse Duration (ps) | Repetition Rate (MHz) | Pulse Energy (nJ) | References |
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heterostructure | Deposited on fiber end | 1568.07 | 0.837 | 17.3 | 0.178 | [519] | heterostructure | Deposited on fiber end | 1058.9 | 189.94 | Harmonic, 79.13 | 3 | [520] | heterostructure | Deposited on fiber end | 1049.1 | 144.3 | 3.7 | -- | [521] | 1565.6 | 1.1 | 6.9 | -- | heterostructure | Deposited on fiber end | 1562.66 | 0.296 | 36.46 | -- | [522] | G-BP heterostructure | Deposited on D-shaped fiber | 1529.92 | 0.82 | 7.43 | -- | [523] | BP QD | Polymethylmethacrylate film | 1567.5 | 1.08 | 15.22 | -- | [524] | BP QD | Polyvinylidene fluoride film | 1568.5 bound soliton | 0.787 | 15.15 | -- | [525] | 0.813 | 15.1 | | 0.748 | 15 | | BP QD | Deposited on fiber end | 1567.6 | 1.07 | 11.01 | -- | [526] | P QD | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1561.7 | 0.88 | 5.47 | 0.0247 | [527] | BP QD | Deposited on tapered fiber | 1562.8 | 0.291 | 10.36 | -- | [528] |
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Table 10. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Heterostructure/QD SAs