Quantum dot is a kind of semiconductor nanoparticles, which has the unique optical properties of high fluorescence quantum yield, wide excitation spectrum, narrow emission spectrum, adjustable emission wavelength and anti-photobleaching. In recent years, it has been widely used in the area of health, food security, medicine, health care and environmental analysis. The basic features of quantum dots are briefly described, and the studies of small molecules trace organic pollutants analysis are reviewed based on quantum dot fluorescent technology including fluorescence linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology, and immune sensor technology. Finally, some existing problems and development direction in the field are presented.