Along with more broad application fields of the high-resolution optical system, the high-precision assembling requirement of optical components, as same as the high-precision design requirement, has become the decisive element of the optical system resolution. Because the current Gauss optical correction method only considers the alignment of object-image location, and cannot actually meets the requirement of optical system adjustment, the alignment theory of optical instruments needs to be developed synchronously. The influence of aberration on misalignment of optical system was considered fully, a correction method for transmission-type misalignment optical system was proposed based on aberration theory. The variation regularity of single lens aberration caused by axial displacement was analyzed, and the aberration effect coefficients were defined. On this basis, through calculating the size of lens adjustment induced by the image position error and the magnifying rate error, the misalignment correction formula based on the constraints of the aberration was deduced mathematically. Taking the three lens collimation system for an example, the simulation was carried out to validate this method. It comes to the following conclusion: by introducing the aberration constraint theory into the correction method, the final correction result meets both the requirement of Gauss optical characteristic and the minimum aberration increase.