As the fundamental units of matter distribution in three-dimensional space, particles hold significant research value in the fields of medicine, environmental monitoring, combustion analysis, and aerospace research. However, detecting particles in scattering media often faces challenges such as low resolution and difficulties in localization. This study introduces a novel detection method based on autofocus compressed holography, which integrates compressed sensing and autofocus techniques to significantly enhance the axial resolution of reconstruction and the accuracy of particle detection. Through simulation and experimental validation, this method had demonstrated an axial resolution error of less than 3 μm, ensuring excellent detection precision. Experimental results further confirmed that, compared to traditional angular spectrum methods, this technology offered distinct advantages in observing the three-dimensional distribution of particles in scattering media and in assessing particle diameters. The research outcomes provide an innovative technical approach for scientific research and practical applications in the related fields.