The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and ngstrm indexes (α) influenced by straw burning, dust, and some sunny days were inverted　by using the long-term measurement data from a sun-photometer in several typical regions of China. Then, the given aerosol sources were verified by the observed data and retrieved results. The optical characteristics of aerosols influenced by straw burning and dust were analyzed in several typical regions of China. The results show that the AOD obviously increases for the cases with straw burning and dust in the city. The α is larger in the periods of straw burning than that in clear days, the values during straw burning days usually are greater than 1.3. However, the α is smaller during dust days than that during clear days, which is usually less than 0.5. The relationship between the AOD and the α influenced by different aerosols in different zones is evidently different. The results indicate that the α can be a benchmark parameter of straw burning and dust to lay a basis for detection methods of organic black carbon aerosol optical properties and also to provide a reference for research of the effect degrees of urban areas of northwest China by surrounding deserts .