Fig. 1. Morphology and particle size distribution of TC17 alloy powder. (a) Morphology; (b) particle size distribution

Fig. 2. DED process. (a) Experimental environment; (b) TC17 alloy deposition process

Fig. 3. Heat treatment process of TC17 alloy

Fig. 4. Pin disc wear diagram

Fig. 5. XRD spectra of TC17 alloy. (a) 2θ=30°‒90°; (b) local magnification of Fig. 5(a)

Fig. 6. Microstructure of as-deposited TC17. (a) Microstructure; (b) local magnification of Fig. 6(a)

Fig. 7. Microstructures of TC17 alloys. (a1)‒(a3) 840 ℃ pre-annealing; (b1)‒(b3) pre-annealing+800 ℃ solution

Fig. 8. Elemental fluctuation of TC17 alloy in scanning path after 840 ℃ pre-annealing and 800 ℃ solution. (a) Scanning path; (b) elemental signal intensity

Fig. 9. Microstructures of TC17 alloy under different aging conditions after 840 ℃ pre-annealing and 800 ℃ solution. (a1)‒(a3) 580 ℃ aging; (b1)‒(b3) 630 ℃ aging; (c1)‒(c3) 680 ℃ aging

Fig. 10. α phase sizes and volume fraction in TC17 alloy. (a) Length of α_P phase; (b) width of α_P phase; (c) widths of α_GB phase and PFZ; (d) volume fraction of α phase

Fig. 11. Microstructure evolution of TC17 alloy during heat treatment. (a) Pre-annealing; (b) solution after pre-annealing; (c) aging at 580 ℃ after pre-annealing and solution; (d) aging at 630 ℃ after pre-annealing and solution; (e) aging at 680 ℃ after pre-annealing and solution

Fig. 12. Microhardness of TC17 alloys in deposition and heat treatment states. (a) Microhardness curves; (b) average microhardness

Fig. 13. Test results of wear properties of TC17 alloy. (a) Friction coefficient curves; (b) average friction coefficients during steady wear phase; (c) wear rate; (d) two dimensional wear profile

Fig. 14. Wear surfaces of TC17 alloy in deposition and heat treatment states. (a) Deposition; (b) pre-annealing; (c) solution after pre-annealing; (d) aging at 580 ℃ after pre-annealing and solution; (e) aging at 630 ℃ after pre-annealing and solution; (f) aging at 680 ℃ after pre-annealing and solution

Table 1. Chemical compositions of TC17 alloy powder (mass fraction, %)

Table 2. 2θ and FWHM at peak 1

Table 3. Maximum wear widths and depths of TC17 alloys in deposition and heat treatment states

Table 4. EDS analysis results of oxide layer of TC17 alloy in deposition and heat treatment states